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Pathogen & Disease Test: Types of Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

Disease

A

a condition whereby part or all of an organism’s normal physiological function is upset

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3
Q

Infectious Diseases

Contagious, Communicable

A

caused by an infectious agent (pathogen) and can be transmitted from one person to another

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4
Q

Non-Infectious Diseases

Not Contagious, Non-Communicable

A

are often not clearly the result of any single factor and are further categorized into major subgroups according to their principal cause

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5
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

caused by micro-organisms known as pathogens:

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, helminths, prions

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6
Q

Deficiency Diseases

A
  • non-infectious
    due to an inadequate diet/unbalanced diet
    EX. obesity, rickets, scurvy, marasmus
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7
Q

Social Diseases

A

due to personal behaviour or living conditions (lifestyle choices). They may or may not be caused by an infectious agent
EX. obesity, STIs, lung cancer, emphysema

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8
Q

Mental Disorders

A

encompasses a range of diseases that affect a person’s thoughts, memory, emotions, and personal behaviour
EX. Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and depression

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9
Q

Degenerative Diseases

A
  • non-infectious diseases
    caused by aging and the inability of the body to carry out effective repairs and regeneration
    EX. osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s and many cancers
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10
Q

Inherited (Genetic) Diseases

A

due to defective genes that may cause the failure of a body system throughout a person’s life or the onset of a disease may occur later in life
EX. Cystic Fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease

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11
Q

Etiology

Robert Koch

A

the study of the cause or origin of a disease

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12
Q

Bacteria Structure

A
  • outer, rigid cell wall for shape and support
  • cytoplasm contains ribosomes, nucleoid and plasmids
  • come contain flagellum for movement
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13
Q

What are the 3 shapes of Bacteria?

A

coccus
bacillus
spirillum

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14
Q

What are the 3 prefix of Bacteria?

A

Diplo- 2 beside each other
Staphylo- many in a cluster
Strepto- a chain

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15
Q

Bacteria Reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction, known as BINARY FISSION where the cell divides into 2
- can reproduce very quickly

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16
Q

Helpful Bacteria:

A
  • decompose trash
  • clean up oil spills (bioremediation)
  • produce medicines
  • food products
  • natural flora in digestive system
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17
Q

Harmful Bacteria:

A
  • disease causing

- rated on 2 characteristics: Invasiveness and Toxigenicity

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18
Q

Invasiveness

A

ability to grow inside host

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19
Q

Toxingenicity

A

capacity of bacterium to produce toxins

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20
Q

Virulence

A

ability to cause disease

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21
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A
  • the cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan and NO outer lipid membrane (peptidoglycan is on the outside)
  • turns purple
  • produces exotoxins
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22
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A
  • the cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and is surrounded by an outer and inner membrane
  • turns red
  • produces exotoxins and endotoxins
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23
Q

Bacterial Diseases

A
  • pertussis
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • strep throat
  • diphtheria
  • tetanus
  • conjunctivitis (pink eye)
24
Q

Bacteria Treatment

A
  • immune response to the foreign invader
  • produce antibodies for immediate help and future protection
  • antibiotics
25
Virus Structure
NOT CONSIDERED TO BE LIVING - do not contain a nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, cytoplasm - consist of either a strand of DNA or RNA - a protein coat (capsid) surrounds the nucleic acid
26
What are the 3 shapes of a Virus?
helical icosahedral complex
27
Virus Reproduction
- cannot reproduce on its own - attaches to cell or is ingested by the cell - releases its genetic material into the host - cell begins making viral proteins
28
Virus Treatment
- the host produces antibodies - the cell infected with the virus produces "interferons" which prevent infections in neighboring cells - antiviral medications
29
Viral Diseases
- influenza - measles - mumps - rubella - rhinovirus - HIV - rabies - west nile - polio - chicken pox/ shingles - covid-19
30
Lytic Cycle
results in the death of the host cell through lysis
31
Lysogenic Cycle
host cell is used to replicate the viral genes but does not kill the host cell outright. The viral infection is said to be latent
32
In regards to the lysogenic cycle:
the viruses are said to be temperate viruses or proviruses because they do not bring death to the host cell immediately
33
5 Stages of the Lytic Cycle:
1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Biosynthesis 4. Assembly/Maturation 5. Release (Lysis)
34
Attachment
a lytic bacteriophage virus attaches itself to a bacterial cell and enters the cell
35
Penetration
injects its nucleic acid into the cell by penetrating through the cell membrane,
36
Biosynthesis
viral nucleic acid takes over and directs the production of new virus proteins and nucleic acid. (the host cell's DNA is degraded) - the nucleic acid uses the cell's ribosomes to make new virus proteins
37
Assembly/Maturation
the virus proteins and nucleic acid assemble into new viruses
38
Release (Lysis)
newly formed virus particles are released from the host cell - able to infect other cells - when the host cell bursts, lysis has occurred
39
Fungi Structure
- larger, plant-like organisms (lacks chlorophyll) - multicellular (except yeasts) - has organelles including a cell wall made of chitin - genetic material is gathered in a nucleus (eukaryotic) - branching tubes known as hyphae (a bunch = myecilium)
40
Fungi Reproduction
``` Sexually (conjugation) Asexually: 1. Budding (yeasts) 2. Fragmentation (hyphae break off) 3. Spores ```
41
Fungi Treatment
- Fungistatic Drugs: prevent further growth - Antifungal agents –––> CANNOT be fungicidal due to similarity between a fungal and animal cell
42
Fungal Diseases
as many fungal parasites obtain food, they cause disease in their host. Thus some fungi are pathogens EX. Ringworm, candida (yeast), athletes foot
43
Protozoa Structure
- unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotic (EX. amoeba and paramecium) - do not have cell walls but have: cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, and a nucleus
44
What are the 4 classes of Protozoa
1. Sporozoa: reproduce by forming spores 2. Flagellate Protozoa 3. Amoeba: ability to alter shape 4. Ciliate Protozoa: hair-like structures for movement and feeding
45
Protozoa Reproduction
Asexual: binary fission, multiple fission | Sexual
46
Protozoa Treatment
immune system; depends on the specific organism
47
Protozoan Diseases
- parastic infections - acquired through contaminated food or water - bites of an infected anthropod such as a mosquito EX. amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis gondii, giardia lamblia, malaria, trypanosomiasis
48
Helminth Structure
- mutlicellular, eukaryotes with complete organ system | - they live inside their hosts
49
3 types of Helminths
1. Nematodes: roundworms 2. Trematodes: flukes or parasitic flatworms 3. Cestodes: tapeworms
50
Helminth Reproduction
Asexual Sexual - usually begin life in the intestinal tract - enzymes dissolves egg shells and release the worms that can move to organs throughout the body
51
Helminth Treatment
use of anti-worm drugs: vermifuge: stun them leading to eventual death vermicide: kill immediately
52
Helminth Diseases
swimmers itch | trichinella sprialis
53
Prion Structure
- protein particle | - mis-folded proteins
54
Prion Reproduction
- affect neighboring cells | - induce it to have the same mishap it has
55
Prion Treatment
- no treatment as of yet | - incurable and invariable fatal
56
Prion Diseases
- degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) - result in brain tissue that is riddled with holes EX. Creutxfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalaopathy, Kuru
57
Zoonosis
an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans

Health Science (8 decks)

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