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Health Science > Pathogen & Disease Test: Types of Pathogens > Flashcards

Pathogen & Disease Test: Types of Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Health

A

the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

Disease

A

a condition whereby part or all of an organism’s normal physiological function is upset

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3
Q

Infectious Diseases

Contagious, Communicable

A

caused by an infectious agent (pathogen) and can be transmitted from one person to another

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4
Q

Non-Infectious Diseases

Not Contagious, Non-Communicable

A

are often not clearly the result of any single factor and are further categorized into major subgroups according to their principal cause

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5
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

caused by micro-organisms known as pathogens:

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, helminths, prions

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6
Q

Deficiency Diseases

A
  • non-infectious
    due to an inadequate diet/unbalanced diet
    EX. obesity, rickets, scurvy, marasmus
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7
Q

Social Diseases

A

due to personal behaviour or living conditions (lifestyle choices). They may or may not be caused by an infectious agent
EX. obesity, STIs, lung cancer, emphysema

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8
Q

Mental Disorders

A

encompasses a range of diseases that affect a person’s thoughts, memory, emotions, and personal behaviour
EX. Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and depression

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9
Q

Degenerative Diseases

A
  • non-infectious diseases
    caused by aging and the inability of the body to carry out effective repairs and regeneration
    EX. osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s and many cancers
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10
Q

Inherited (Genetic) Diseases

A

due to defective genes that may cause the failure of a body system throughout a person’s life or the onset of a disease may occur later in life
EX. Cystic Fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease

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11
Q

Etiology

Robert Koch

A

the study of the cause or origin of a disease

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12
Q

Bacteria Structure

A
  • outer, rigid cell wall for shape and support
  • cytoplasm contains ribosomes, nucleoid and plasmids
  • come contain flagellum for movement
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13
Q

What are the 3 shapes of Bacteria?

A

coccus
bacillus
spirillum

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14
Q

What are the 3 prefix of Bacteria?

A

Diplo- 2 beside each other
Staphylo- many in a cluster
Strepto- a chain

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15
Q

Bacteria Reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction, known as BINARY FISSION where the cell divides into 2
- can reproduce very quickly

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16
Q

Helpful Bacteria:

A
  • decompose trash
  • clean up oil spills (bioremediation)
  • produce medicines
  • food products
  • natural flora in digestive system
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17
Q

Harmful Bacteria:

A
  • disease causing

- rated on 2 characteristics: Invasiveness and Toxigenicity

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18
Q

Invasiveness

A

ability to grow inside host

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19
Q

Toxingenicity

A

capacity of bacterium to produce toxins

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20
Q

Virulence

A

ability to cause disease

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21
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A
  • the cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan and NO outer lipid membrane (peptidoglycan is on the outside)
  • turns purple
  • produces exotoxins
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22
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A
  • the cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and is surrounded by an outer and inner membrane
  • turns red
  • produces exotoxins and endotoxins
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23
Q

Bacterial Diseases

A
  • pertussis
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • strep throat
  • diphtheria
  • tetanus
  • conjunctivitis (pink eye)
24
Q

Bacteria Treatment

A
  • immune response to the foreign invader
  • produce antibodies for immediate help and future protection
  • antibiotics
25
Q

Virus Structure

A

NOT CONSIDERED TO BE LIVING

  • do not contain a nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, cytoplasm
  • consist of either a strand of DNA or RNA
  • a protein coat (capsid) surrounds the nucleic acid
26
Q

What are the 3 shapes of a Virus?

A

helical
icosahedral
complex

27
Q

Virus Reproduction

A
  • cannot reproduce on its own
  • attaches to cell or is ingested by the cell
  • releases its genetic material into the host
  • cell begins making viral proteins
28
Q

Virus Treatment

A
  • the host produces antibodies
  • the cell infected with the virus produces “interferons” which prevent infections in neighboring cells
  • antiviral medications
29
Q

Viral Diseases

A
  • influenza
  • measles
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • rhinovirus
  • HIV
  • rabies
  • west nile
  • polio
  • chicken pox/ shingles
  • covid-19
30
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

results in the death of the host cell through lysis

31
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

host cell is used to replicate the viral genes but does not kill the host cell outright.
The viral infection is said to be latent

32
Q

In regards to the lysogenic cycle:

A

the viruses are said to be temperate viruses or proviruses because they do not bring death to the host cell immediately

33
Q

5 Stages of the Lytic Cycle:

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Biosynthesis
  4. Assembly/Maturation
  5. Release (Lysis)
34
Q

Attachment

A

a lytic bacteriophage virus attaches itself to a bacterial cell and enters the cell

35
Q

Penetration

A

injects its nucleic acid into the cell by penetrating through the cell membrane,

36
Q

Biosynthesis

A

viral nucleic acid takes over and directs the production of new virus proteins and nucleic acid. (the host cell’s DNA is degraded)
- the nucleic acid uses the cell’s ribosomes to make new virus proteins

37
Q

Assembly/Maturation

A

the virus proteins and nucleic acid assemble into new viruses

38
Q

Release (Lysis)

A

newly formed virus particles are released from the host cell

  • able to infect other cells
  • when the host cell bursts, lysis has occurred
39
Q

Fungi Structure

A
  • larger, plant-like organisms (lacks chlorophyll)
  • multicellular (except yeasts)
  • has organelles including a cell wall made of chitin
  • genetic material is gathered in a nucleus (eukaryotic)
  • branching tubes known as hyphae (a bunch = myecilium)
40
Q

Fungi Reproduction

A 
Sexually (conjugation)
Asexually:
1. Budding (yeasts)
2. Fragmentation (hyphae break off)
3. Spores
41
Q

Fungi Treatment

A
  • Fungistatic Drugs: prevent further growth
  • Antifungal agents
    –––> CANNOT be fungicidal due to similarity between a fungal and animal cell
42
Q

Fungal Diseases

A

as many fungal parasites obtain food, they cause disease in their host. Thus some fungi are pathogens
EX. Ringworm, candida (yeast), athletes foot

43
Q

Protozoa Structure

A
  • unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotic (EX. amoeba and paramecium)
  • do not have cell walls but have: cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, and a nucleus
44
Q

What are the 4 classes of Protozoa

A
  1. Sporozoa: reproduce by forming spores
  2. Flagellate Protozoa
  3. Amoeba: ability to alter shape
  4. Ciliate Protozoa: hair-like structures for movement and feeding
45
Q

Protozoa Reproduction

A

Asexual: binary fission, multiple fission

Sexual

46
Q

Protozoa Treatment

A

immune system; depends on the specific organism

47
Q

Protozoan Diseases

A
  • parastic infections
  • acquired through contaminated food or water
  • bites of an infected anthropod such as a mosquito
    EX. amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis gondii, giardia lamblia, malaria, trypanosomiasis
48
Q

Helminth Structure

A
  • mutlicellular, eukaryotes with complete organ system

- they live inside their hosts

49
Q

3 types of Helminths

A
  1. Nematodes: roundworms
  2. Trematodes: flukes or parasitic flatworms
  3. Cestodes: tapeworms
50
Q

Helminth Reproduction

A

Asexual
Sexual
- usually begin life in the intestinal tract
- enzymes dissolves egg shells and release the worms that can move to organs throughout the body

51
Q

Helminth Treatment

A

use of anti-worm drugs:

vermifuge: stun them leading to eventual death
vermicide: kill immediately

52
Q

Helminth Diseases

A

swimmers itch

trichinella sprialis

53
Q

Prion Structure

A
  • protein particle

- mis-folded proteins

54
Q

Prion Reproduction

A
  • affect neighboring cells

- induce it to have the same mishap it has

55
Q

Prion Treatment

A
  • no treatment as of yet

- incurable and invariable fatal

56
Q

Prion Diseases

A
  • degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS)
  • result in brain tissue that is riddled with holes
    EX. Creutxfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalaopathy, Kuru
57
Q

Zoonosis

A

an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans

Health Science (8 decks)

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