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Nursing School > Patho Exam 1: REV > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1: REV Flashcards

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1
Q

Acidosis/Alkalosis

ROME

A
  • Respirotaroy Opposite
    • pH up PCO2 down= Alkalosis
    • pH down PCO2 up= Acidosis
  • Metabolic Equal
    • pH up HCO3 up = Alkalosis
    • pH down HCO3 down = Acidosis
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2
Q

Hypothalamus Functions

A

TAN HATS

  • Thirst & Water balance
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Hunger & Satiety
  • Autonomic regulation
  • Temperature Reg
  • Sexual urges & emotions
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3
Q

Causes/ R/T of Hyperkalemia

A

MACHINE

  • Meds
  • Acidosis
  • Cellular destruction
  • Hypoaldosteronism (hemolysis)
  • Intake, excessive
  • Nephrons, renal failure
  • Excretion, impaired
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4
Q

Signs (AEB) Hyperkalemia

A

MURDER

  • Muscle weakness
  • Urine, oliguria, anuria
  • Respiratory distress
  • Decreased cardiac contractility
  • EKG Changes, Peaked T Waves
  • Reflexes, hyper, or hypo
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5
Q

Signs (AEB) Hypokalemia

A

6L’s

  1. Lethargy
  2. Lethat cardiac arrhthymia
  3. Leg cramps
  4. Limp Muscles
  5. Low, shallow respirations
  6. Less stool (constipation)
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6
Q

R/T Hypokalemia

A

GRAPHIC IDEA

  • GI losses
  • Renal
  • Aldosterone
  • PEriodic paralysis
  • Insulin Excess
  • Cushing;s Syndrome
  • Insufficient intake
  • Diuretics
  • Elevated beta adrenergic activity
  • Alkalosis
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7
Q

Signs (AEB) of Hypernatremia

A

FRIED

  • Fever
  • Restless
  • Increase BP
  • Edema
  • Decreased Urinary Output
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8
Q

How much of the body fluid is intracellular

A

2/3

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9
Q

How much of the bod fluid is extracellular

A

1/3

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10
Q

What are the 2 components of extracellular compartment?

A
  1. interstitial
  2. intravascular
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11
Q

How does water move across membranes

A

freely

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12
Q

What is the major ECF cation

A

Sodium

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13
Q

What is the major ICF cation

A

potassium

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14
Q

a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.

A

aldosterone

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15
Q

This hormone gets secreted when potassium is increased

A

adosterone

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16
Q

this is a result of an underlying disorder

A

hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine),

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17
Q

What is the usual cause of hyperchloremia

A

an increase in sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate

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18
Q

Are there symptoms of hyperchloremia

A

no

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19
Q

This is an outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea

A

hypornatremia

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20
Q

When does hyperkalemia often occur

A

acidosis

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21
Q

This often occurs w/ acidosis. Hydrogen is taken up in the cell. It is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises.

A

Hyperkalemia

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22
Q

What would aldosterone cause for your potassium levels

A

hypokalemia

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23
Q

A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bicarbonate. This patient is experiencing:

A

metabolic acidosis

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24
Q

A common cause of the increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues (edema) includes:

A
  1. inc hydrostatic pressure
  2. dec plasma oncotic pressure.
  3. inc capillary membrane permeability.
  4. lymphatic obstruction
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25
Q

What is the process called where carbon dioxide (CO2) is exchanged for oxygen?

A

Respiration

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26
Q

This is the mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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27
Q

This is actual blood flow and oxygen delivery.

A

Circulation

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28
Q

Which muscles has a major role in respiration?

A
  1. External intercostal
  2. Diaphragm
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29
Q

characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause

A

Kussmaul respiration (hyperpnea)

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30
Q

This iss the selective bulbous enlargement of the end of a digit (finger or toe). It is commonly associated with diseases that cause chronic hypoxemia, such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and congenital heart disease

A

clubbing

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31
Q

Conditions that can cause of hypercapnia? x4

A
  1. Disease of the medulla
  2. Large airway obstruction
  3. Thoracic cage abnormalities
  4. Depression of the respiratory center
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32
Q

hypocapnia characteristics

A
  • severe anxiety
  • Results in respiratory alkalosis
  • PaCO2 less than 36 mm Hg
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33
Q

RUB MUB

A

Respiratory Uses Bicarb

Metabolic Uses Breathing

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34
Q

When your acid bases are fully compensated, what is normal

A

pH

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35
Q

When your acid bases are partially compensated

A

pH will still be off balance, but something is still trying to correct it

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36
Q

Who is Sodium’s buddy

A

Chloride

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37
Q

Who pares with Calcium but is always inversed

A

phosphate

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38
Q

This is in both intercellular space and extracellular

A

Bicarb

Phosphate

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39
Q

ICF includes

A
  • Potassium
  • Magnesuium
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40
Q

ECF includes:

A
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Calcium
  • Phosphate
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41
Q

Calcium Normal Value

A

8.5-10.5

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42
Q

Potassium Normal Value

A

3.5-5

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43
Q

Sodium Normal Value

A

135-145

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44
Q

Chloride Normal Value

A

95-105

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45
Q

Magnesium Normal Value

A

1.5-2.0

46
Q

Phosphate Normal Value

A

1.6-2.6

47
Q

Why does sodium interact with calcium?

A

to maintain muscle contraction

48
Q

Signs of Hyponatremia

A

SALT LOSS

  • Stupor/Coma
  • Anorexia
  • Lethargy
  • Tendon Reflexes Decreased
  • Limp Muscles
  • Orthostatic Hypotenion
  • Seizures/headaches
  • Stomach Cramping
49
Q

Signs of HypoCalcemia

A

CATS

  • Convulsions
  • Arrhythmias
  • Tetany
  • Spasma/Stridor
50
Q

Hypernatremia Etiology

A

MODEL

  • Medications/Meals
  • Osmotic Diuretics
  • Diabetes Insipidus
  • Excessive Water Loss
  • Low Water Intake
51
Q

a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

A

Tetany

52
Q

intravascular water is

A

blood

53
Q

Children vs Adult Water Retention

A
  • 70% kids
  • 45% older adults
  • prone to dehydration
54
Q

What are non electrolytes

A
  • most organic molecules
  • do not dissociate in water
  • carry NO net electrical charge
  • (example: protein, glucose)
55
Q

What are electrolytes

A
  • dissociate in water to ions
  • inorganic salts, acids, bases, some bases
  • more osmotic pwr (attract water)
56
Q

Functions of electroylyes

A
  • regulate nerve/muscle function
  • hemodynamically stable
  • stay hydrated
  • manage pH
  • blood pressure
  • damaged tissue repair
57
Q

relating to the flow of blood within the organs and tissues of the body

A

hemodynamic

58
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis

A
  • movement of fluids & electrolytes
  • fluid intake and fluid output
  • hormonal regulation
  • adh, Adosterone, Renin, Angiotensin, Natriuretic Peptides
59
Q

What changes the hydrostatic pressure

A

force of the weight of water molecules pressing against the confining walls.

60
Q

What are the results of hydrostatic pressure

A
  • movement from an area of Greater pressure to lower pressure
  • makes cell wall more permeable
61
Q

Exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.

A
  • Oncotic pressure
  • (egg white, dense less permeable)
  • keep fluid in
62
Q

fluid getting backed up in the tissue

A

edema

63
Q

hydrostatic pressure=

A

osmotic/oncotic pressure (not inflamed)

64
Q

3 Classification of Osmolarity

A
  • isotonic (same as blood)
  • hypotonic (water, more inside)
  • hypertonic (gatorade, more outside)
65
Q

Normal serum osmolarity

A

280-295 mOsm/L

66
Q

What directions to solutes diffuse?

A

high to low

67
Q

What direction does osmosis move?

A

towards higher concentration

68
Q

Moves both water and small solutes from high pressure to low pressure

A

Filtration

69
Q

What are 7 mechanisms for fluid balance

A
  1. hypothalamic,
  2. pituitary
  3. Adrenal cortex (on top of kidneys)
  4. Kidneys
  5. Heart
  6. GI Tract
  7. Insensible water loss
70
Q

These hormones regulate body fluid x4

A
  • Renin Angiotensin
  • Aldosterone
  • Natriuretic Peptides
  • Antidiuretic hormone (keep water)
71
Q

RAAS stimulates

A
  • Angiotensinogen* (renin)> Angiotensin I (enzyme) > Angiotenin II > potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates aldosterone secretion
    ex: ace inhibitor (decreases BP), low sodium
72
Q

hormones secreted by your heart in response to BP and blood volume that stretch heart tissues

A

NP- Natriuretic Peptides

73
Q

When does ADH respond

A
  • to serum osmolaltiy,
  • fever,
  • pain,
  • stress,
  • opiods
  • (LOW BLOOD VOLUME)
74
Q

It is better to be lacking fluid than

A

osmolarity

75
Q

With a decrease in ADH release, urine will be more

A

dilute

76
Q

Types of fluid volume imbalances

A
  • deficit
  • excess
  • shift
  • ECF it is accompanied by changes in the serum sodium levels
77
Q

What is 3rd spacing

A
  • constantly leaking out
  • not easily exchanged with ECF
78
Q

Cations have a positive or negative charge?

A

positive

79
Q

What is the major cation in the blood

A

Sodium (Na+)

extracellular

80
Q

What regulates potassium

A
  • aldosterone.
  • Increase aldosterone increase excretion of potassium
  • everytime you pee lose potassium
  • Na+ & K go opposite one another
81
Q

Hypoxia Signs & Symptoms

A

RAT BED

Early Signs:

  • Restlessness
  • Anxiety
  • Tachycardia/Tachypnea

Late Signs:

  • Bradycardia
  • Extreme Restlessness
  • Dyspnea
82
Q

the patient who is vomiting will lose a significant amount of gastric acid and be at an increased risk for

A

metabolic alkalosis

83
Q

gastric secretions are rich in

A

hydrochloric acid

84
Q

You are caring for a patient admitted with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.33, PaO2 47 mm Hg, PaCO2 60 mm Hg, HCO3 32 mEq/L, and O2 saturation of 92%. What is the correct interpretation of these results?

A

Partially compensated respiratory acidosis

85
Q

You are caring for a patient receiving calcium carbonate for the treatment of osteopenia. Which serum laboratory result would you identify as an adverse effect related to this therapy?

A

Phosphorus falling to 2.1 mg/dL

86
Q

contraindicated during episodes of hypokalemia because these medications cause the kidneys to excrete sodium and potassium

A

Loop Diuretics

87
Q

Which nursing intervention is most appropriate when caring for a patient with dehydration?

A

Monitor daily weight and intake and output.

88
Q

When planning care for a patient with dehydration related to nausea and vomiting, the nurse would anticipate which fluid shift to occur because of the fluid volume deficit?

A

Fluid movement from the interstitial space into the blood vessels

89
Q

Magnesium food containing products

A
  • chocolate
  • nuts
  • peanut butter
  • banana
90
Q

Used to remove excess magnesium in the blood

A

renal dialysis

91
Q

The patient is admitted with metabolic acidosis. Which system is not functioning normally?

A

Kidney

92
Q

The dehydrated patient is receiving a hypertonic solution. What assessments must be done to avoid risk factors of these solutions

A
  • Lung sounds
  • Blood Pressure
  • Serum sodium level
93
Q

What is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis

A

hyperventilation (allow to continue)

94
Q

During sepsis, the formation of lactic acid is common during this process?

A

metabolic acidosis

95
Q

Recspiratory acidosis Examples:

A
  • hypoventilation, increase PCO2
  • Compensation: Kidneys Reabsorb Bicarb
96
Q

Metabolic Acidosis Examples

A
  • Lactic Acidosis
  • Renal Failure
  • Ketones
  • Ammonium intoxication
  • Compensation: Hyperventilation to eliminate CO2
97
Q

How does Respiratory alkalosis compensate?

A

Kidneys excrete HCO3

98
Q

Causes for Metabolic Alkalosis

A
  • Emesis
  • diuretics
  • retention of HCO3 medication,
  • Hyperaldosteronism
99
Q

How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • Respiratory cts not stimulated
  • Hypoventilation
  • CO2 retention
100
Q

Respiratory Acidosis Retains

A

Bicarb

101
Q

Metabolic Acidosis Increases

A

Ventilation

102
Q

Hyperventilating decrease PC02 causing what to happen to pH

A

Rise (respiratory alkalosis)

103
Q

Normal Value for PCO2

A

35-45

104
Q

Normal Value for HCO3

A

22-26

105
Q

Normal Value for PO2

A

80-100

106
Q

Base Excess: -2 - +2

  • Always negative w/ metabolic acidosis
  • awalys positive w/ metabolic alkalosis
A
107
Q

Nursing Interventions for Metabolic Alkalosis

A
  • monitor ABG levels
  • monitor hypokalemia
  • monitor hypocalcemia
  • I/Os
108
Q

Risk Factors Metabolic Acidosis

A
  • hyperchloremia
  • lactic acidosis
  • renal failure
  • severe diarhea
109
Q

How close should intake an output be

A

roughly equal (2000 mL/day)

110
Q

this is required for blood clotting

A

calcium

111
Q

a protein whose presence in the blood promotes aldosterone secretion and tends to raise blood pressure.

A

Angiotensin

Nursing School (33 decks)

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