path inflammatory mediators

Question 1

NF-kB

Answer 1

nuclear transcription factor that activates immune response genes leading to production of multiple immune mediators

Question 2

CD14

Answer 2

recognizes lipopolysaccharide on gram - bacteria

Question 3

arachidonic acid metabolites

Answer 3

cyclooxygenase (produces PG) and 5-lipoxygenase (produces LT)

Question 4

what does cyclooxygenase produce?

Answer 4

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 - all do vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
PGE2 also pain and fever

Question 5

what does 5-lipoxygenase produce?

Answer 5

leukotrienes
LTB4 attracts and activates neutrophils
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased vascular permeability

Question 6

what attracts and activates neutrophils?

Answer 6

LTB4, c5a, IL8, bacterial products

Question 7

what activates mast cells?

Answer 7

trauma, c3a and c5a, cross-linking of IgE by antigen

Question 8

c5a vs c3b

Answer 8

c5a = chemotactic for neutrophils (along with bacterial products, LTB4, IL8)
c3b = opsonin for phagocytosis

Question 9

hageman factor

Answer 9

factor XII

activates: 1. coagulation and fibrinolytic systems (DIC)
2. complement
3. kinin system (leading to bradykinin)

Question 10

bradykinin

Answer 10

mediates vasodilation and increased vascular permeability as well as pain

Question 11

mediators of redness and warmth (rubor and calor)

Answer 11

histamine (primary), prostaglandins, bradykinin

Question 12

what mediates swelling?

Answer 12

histamine and tissue damage

Question 13

what mediates pain?

Answer 13

bradykinin and PGE2

Question 14

what mediates fever?

Answer 14

IL-1 and TNF (increase cyclooxygenase activity in perivascular cells of hypothalamus)

Question 15

weibel palade bodies - what does it release and what is it mediated by?

Answer 15

releases P-selectin and vWF

mediated by histamine

Question 16

e-selectin induced by what?

Answer 16

TNF and IL-1

Question 17

cellular adhesion molecules upregulated by what?

Answer 17

TNF and IL-1

Question 18

integrins on leukocytes regulated by what?

Answer 18

c5a and LTB4

Question 19

CD18

Answer 19

integrins (leukocyte adhesion)

Question 20

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Answer 20

delayed separation of umbilical cord, increased circulating neutrophils, recurrent bacterial infections, lack of pus formation

Question 21

chediak higashi syndrome

Answer 21

protein trafficking defect causing impair phagolysosome formation**, neutropenia, giant granules in leukocytes, defective primary hemostasis, albinism, peripheral neuropathy

Question 22

O2 dependent killing enzymes

Answer 22

NADPH oxidase: O2–> O2- (oxidative burst)
superoxide dismutase: O2 –> H2O2
myeloperoxidase: H2O2 –> HOCl

Question 23

antiinflammatory cytokines

Answer 23

IL-10 and TGF-beta

Question 24

IL-8

Answer 24

from macrophages - recruits additional neutrophils (continues acute inflammation)

Question 25

IFN-gamma

Answer 25

secreted from TH1 subset of CD4
activates macrophage, promotes B-cell class switching to IgG, promotes TH1 phenotype by IL-2
also helps convert macrophages to epithelioid histicytes in granulomas

Question 26

IL-4

Answer 26

secreted by TH2 subset of CD4 
class switch to IG3

Question 27

IL-5

Answer 27

secreted by TH2 subset of CD4
class switch to IgA and recruit eosinophils

Question 28

IL-13

Answer 28

function similar to IL-4

Question 29

IL-2

Answer 29

second activation signal for CD8 cells

Question 30

CD40

Answer 30

second activation signal for B cells

Question 31

what are granulomas characterized by?

Answer 31

epithelioid histiocytes

Question 32

TNF-alpha

Answer 32

causes direct cytotoxic damage to capillary endothelial cells