Path

Question 1

primary essential hypertension is associated with which kind of kidney change. Describe its macroscopic apperance

Answer 1

benign nephrosclerosis.

slightly small, with a granular surface

Question 2

what does benign nephrosclerosis look like histologically? (4)

Answer 2

sclerosed glomeruli , patchy tubular atrophy, interstitial chronic inflammation and fibrosis, and hyalinised arterioles.

Question 3

Name 3 common pathologies in heart that cause emboli

Answer 3

MI (and subsequent LV aneurysm), infective endocarditis, atrial fibrillation

Question 4

what is one of the first histological changes seen in cerebral infarct? how long does it take?

Answer 4

red neurons- hours

Question 5

describe the role of macrophages following cerebral infarct giving time frames

Answer 5

macrophages infiltrate the necrotic area to phagocytose dead tissue. Although they would start to migrate in after a few days, they will not predominate for several weeks.

Question 6

when would you see a reactive astrocyte and what does it look like histologically?

Answer 6

gliosis - more cytoplasm than normal

Question 7

how do haemosiderin-containing macrophages come about? in what pathology?

Answer 7

Macrophages phagocytose red blood cells following haemorrhage and the iron from haemoglobin is stored as haemosiderin. occurs in haemmorages

Question 8

what is papilloedema and its cause?

Answer 8

optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure.`

Question 9

What material (general term, not the name of the specific protein) is staining pink in the Congo red stain?

Answer 9

amyloid

Question 10

From what normal protein (full words please) in the brain does amyloid develop in Alzheimers?

Answer 10

A beta protein - which is derived from the normal protein amyloid precursor protein (APP)

Question 11

What type of epithelium normally lines the thyroid follicles?

Answer 11

simple cuboidal

Question 12

Histological features of a Grave’s thyroid (3)?

Answer 12

scalloping of colloid, lymphocytic infiltrate and tall, crowded epithelial cells

Question 13

describe 4 histological abnormalities in Hashimoto’s

Answer 13

Germinal centres, Chronic inflammation infiltrate (lymphocytes and plasma cells), reduction in follicles, fibrosis

Question 14

describe moltinodular goitre histologically (4)

Answer 14

Follicles - large variation in size.
Fibrosis
Cholesterol Crystals
Haemosiderin Macrophages

Question 15

What makes up the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage? (5)

Answer 15

Type II collagen.
hyaluronic acid produced by chondrocytes.
proteoglycans such as aggrecan.
glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate.
water.

Question 16

Amyloid deposition may occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The amyloid frequently deposits in multiple organs rather than just one. What is the name of the precursor protein of amyloid in rheumatoid arthritis and what is its origin?

Answer 16

serum amyloid associated (SAA) protein, produced in excess by the liver in inflammatory states.

Question 17

What does the presence of germinal centres suggest?

Answer 17

a humoral immune response is developing.

Question 18

T/F? Ductal (and lobular) carcinoma in situ frequently causes a palpable mass

Answer 18

false

Question 19

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia from?(2)

Answer 19

vas deferens, epididymis

Question 20

The presence of endocervical cells (as well as squamous cells) in the smear indicates that it is a satisfactory smear. Why?

Answer 20

The presence of endocervical cells as well as squamous cells indicates that the smear is from the transformation zone (which is from where it should be taken), which includes the squamocolumnar junction.

A smear from further out on the ectocervix will only contain squamous cells and may not contain the metaplastic squamous cells where HPV and dysplasia typically occur