Micro Sem 2 Flashcards
2 most common causes of meningitis in neonates and premature births. give bacterial origins
E coli (gut) and Group B Strep (vagina).
2 most common viruses that cause meningitis
Enterovirus and HSV
in a case of suspected viral meningitis, if CSF was unavailable would the isolation of a virus from another specimen be significant?
The sample MUST be from CSF to confirm. Isolation from another specimen not necessarily associated with meningitis
what are the 3 main causes of bacterial meningitis? which can be prevented by vaccine
strep Pneumonia, Nisserium Meningitides & H. Influenzae type B.Strep and Hib have vaccine
how do you treat meningitis in premature birth?
give mother penicillin 4 hours before birth
how do you treat viral meningitis?
self limiting so supportive therapy
meningital symptoms with a petechial rash point to which causitive agent?
N. meningitidis
hallmark of CSF in bacterial menigitis
turbid CSF, low glucose high protein
why and in what circumstances would you want to innoculate CSF in a serum broth
to make any surviving bacteria grow in a case where anti-biotic was used before csf was taken
how should treat patients contacts in cases of meningitis
prophylactic antibiotics or vaccinate
why would you admit someone to hospital overnight in an allergic reaction (nut) despite improvement
due to a potential delayed inflammatory response by cytokines and eosinophils
why should one wait to perform an allergen test after someone’s first allergic reaction?
mast cells need to regenerate
what is impetigo? how is it transmitted and what is most likely cause?
‘school sores’ is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection usually caused by Staph. A. It is common amongst young children and people who play close contact sport
main symptoms for rheumatic fever and what causes it?
high fever, carditis (murmur) and polyarthritis. It occurs following a Strep P infection
describe the pathology of symptoms in rheumatic fever
auto-immune response damages the heart and joints. Type II hypersensitivity involving the M protein in heart (molecular mimicry)
what is the gold standard for diagnosing coeliac
jejunal biopsy
associated features with coeliac?
infertility, delayed puberty, anaemia, osteoporosis
butterfly rash on nose is typical of what
lupus
explain pathology of SLE
type III hypersensitivity. Immune complexes are systemic originally. Symptoms occur when they begin to deposit
what can cause onset of SLE
sunburn and cell death
what are some clinical manifestation of SLE
depends where the immune complexes deposit. Skin = Rash. Lungs = Pleurisy. Kidney = nephritis. CNS
patient comes in with polyarthritis. Says has infection 2 weeks ago. Doctor did ANA and rheumatoid factor test. What are these for?
ANA (for SLE) and Rheumatoid factor (for rheumatoid arthritis)
bacteria that can cause post infective arthritis?
salmonella, campylobacter, yersinia and STIs
how is yersinia infection acquired?
environmental organism - associated with farmed animals and milk
explain lifecycle of hookworm
walking barefoot >worm bites foot > enters blood > goes to respiratory tract > is swallowed then adults mature in gut
why may someone with hookworms be anaemic?
blood loss associated with the way the worms attach to the intestine
explain pathogensis and life cycle of roundworms
faecal-oral. Ingest eggs > hatch and invade intestinal mucosa > get into blood
PUO in a recently returned traveller?
malaria until prove otherwise. can be rapidly fatal
which is the dangerous form of malaria? why?
P. Falciparin. Can infect all stages of the RBC life cycle. Can have multiple parasties per RBC. RBCs get nodules so potential to clot
how does P Vivax infect?
mozzie bite > latent in liver
life cycle of strongoloides
Almost identical to hookworm.Larva enter through feet > blood > lungs > swallow > mature in gut > lay eggs > hatch rapidly so can find eggs in faeces