Exercise + Repro Flashcards
name 3 physiological changes that can occur with exercise training
increased GLUT 4 expression, increased muscle blood flow, increased capillary density/recruitment
3 mitochondrial adaptations to exercise
increased density and oxidative enzymes, reduced CHO use and lactate production, increased fat oxidation
impact of exercise on warfarin?
decreased INR. Warfarin less effective so more likely to clot
define sarcopenia and what is needed for diagnosis?
age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function.
Diagnosis = low muscle mass + low muscle strength or low physical performance
what happens in regard to the muscle fibre types in sarcopenia and what age does this begin.
from 50 fast twitch fibres start to become replaced by slow twitch.
name 4 exercise types that can aid in healthy aging
strength training, aerobic, flexibility, balance
which type of hormones decline with age? list 3 and how they impact muscle wasting
anabolic - GH, IGF-1 and testosterone. Low levels compromise the efficiency of muscle regeneration as a consequence of damage from daily wear and tear
describe genetics and pathology of DMD
X lnked recessive causes lack of the protein dystrophin. Lack of this protein affects muscles ability to regenerate after contraction damage.
differences between DMD & BMD (clinical and molecular)
BMD less severe with later onset (adolescence or adulthood) and slower progression. Survival well into mid-late adulthood.
In BMD there is abnormal, smaller amounts of dystrophin c.f. absolutely none in DMD
non-genomic way glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation?
inhibit Arachidonic acid release
how do NSAIDS work in regard to inflammation?
inhibit COX (1&2)
4 adverse effects of NSAIDS
gastro-intestinal, increase bleeding time, renal & pulmonary
what is a coxib?
selective cox-2 inhibitor
how may NSAIDs act on renal and pulmonary systems respectively
compromise renal blood flow & bronchoconstrict
write a word equation for STI epi?
basic reproductive rate = probability of transmission per sexual partnership X rate of partner change X duration of infection
name the 5 STIs covered in the lecture?
N. Gonorrhea. Clamydia Trachomatis. Trichomonis Vaginalis (protozoa). Treponeum Palladeum (syphillus). Mycoplasma Genitalium.
what kind of bacteria is gonrorrhea?
GN diplicocci
consequences of gonorrhea in pregnany?
neonatal gonococcal opthalmia. Purulent conjunctivitis. Can lead to blidness
treatment for gonorrhea?
ceftriaxone (500 mg IV/IM) and azythromycin
serovars of Clamydia?
A-C trachoma in eye.
D-K genital Infection.
clamydia an neonate?
haemorrhagic conjunctivitis and pneumonia
what is trichmonas vaginalis? hallmark symptom?
protozoa. frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge
symptoms of syphillus.
Primary: chancre.
Secondary: rash or alapaecia.
Tertiary (10-30 years later): gummas, cardiac or neruoligcal pathology
which cell type produces testosterone?
leydig cell
first and final product of male gametogenisis?
spermatagonium and spermatazoa
cells of the seminiferous tubules?
sertoli, leydig and spermatagonium
describe the hormone cascade in male repro
Route 1: GnRH > LH > leydig cells > Testosterone > sertoli cells and body for secondary effects. Test feedback on Ant Pit and hypo
Route 2: GnRH> FSH> secondary messenger to Sertoli Cells> sprematocyte maturation. Inhibin feedback on Ant Pit
describe the difference in cervical mucus from the ovulation phase to the luteal phase
ovulation = abundant, clear non viscus mucus Luteal = thick, sticky mucous
describe 2 positive feedbacks cycle during menstruation?
in early to mid-follicular phase estorgen positive feedback on granulosa cells.
In late follicular phase and ovulation Estrogen positive on GnRH.
physiological cause of menopause
ovaries stop responding to LH and FSH > low estrogen and progesterone > eggs stop developing
how long after fertilisation does it take to reach the uterus? what is this thing called. then what happens
blastocyst reaches uterus on day 4-5. implants in endometrium days 5-9.
describe what happens to the sperm in fertilisation
sperm membrane fuses with egg membrane > sperm nucleus enters cytoplasm of egg > oocyte nucleus completes meiotic division > egg and sperm form zygote
which fetal organs does the placenta substitute for? (3)
kidneys, lungs, GIT
main hormones placenta produces (4)?
hCG, hPL, estrogen and progeserone