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Path 1 > Path 1 Quiz 5 - B vitamins > Flashcards

Path 1 Quiz 5 - B vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vita means

A

Life

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2
Q

Kazimierz Funk discovered the term vitamin T/F

A

True

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3
Q

Fredrick Hopkins experimented with animals - fed them refined food and then natural food - he noticed that growth stopped due to consumption of refined food - he discovered _______

A

Accessory Food Factors

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4
Q

Japanese scientists Umertaro suzuki discovered what substance?

A

America Acid - vitamin B1

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5
Q

Date that vitamin B1 is truly described

A

1935

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6
Q

The water soluble vitamins are what vitamins?

A

The B vitamins

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7
Q

B1 vitamin’s common name is?

A

Thiamine

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8
Q

What is the function of B1/Thiamine?

A

maintains integrity of the neural membranes and promote nerve conduction through the neurons - usually peripheral nerves

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9
Q

Where is thiamine/B1 found?

A

Found in most foods - it is high in unrefined natural foods

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10
Q

A efficiency in thiamine will lead to

A

neurological dysfunctions

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11
Q

China experienced many deaths due to refining their white rice - the people were truly lacking what vitamin?

A

B1 - thiamine

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12
Q

25% of people with a B1/thiamine deficiency are

A

alcoholics

*alcohol and B1 fight with each other - alcohol wins - usually alcoholics consume more alcohol then they do actual food

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13
Q

Disease that are associated with Thiamine / B1 deficiency

A

Berberi (dry, wet, wernicke - korsakoff)

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14
Q

Who discovered beriberi?

A

Christiaan Eijkman *first to find the connection between food and B1 deficiency

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15
Q

When christiaan eijkman discovered beriberi he went to the most common place of the disease in the 19th century that being

A

Indonesia *chickens got better eating real food

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16
Q

What sequence do the three types of beriberi occur in

A

Dry, wet, Wernicke - korsakoff syndrome)

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17
Q

Dry Beriberi is characterized by

A
  • Symmetrical nonspecific peripheral polyneuropathy with myelin degeneration
  • Destruction of sensory motor and reflex functions
  • loss of reflexes
    paresthesia
  • painful tender mm
  • numbness of feet
  • Great weakness Neuropathy development
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18
Q

Physical sign of beriberi

A

First toe drop
Foot Drop
Wrist Drop

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19
Q

Wet Beriberi is characterized by

A

Pathology of the heart = enlargement and thinning of the heart wall - flabby myocardium

  • peripheral vasodilation
  • development of high cardiac output failure - real cardiac failure - slow blood flow = dyspnea
  • peripheral edema (characteristic of cardiac failure) = pitting edema
  • ** dramatic inflammation of the heart
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20
Q

Types of Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

Korsakoff’s psychosis

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21
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy:

A

very serious - affects the nervous system

  • global confusion
  • apathy
  • listlessness
  • disorientation
  • ophthalmoplegia (asymmetrical movement of the eyeballs *this is a prediction of death)
  • confusion —> coma —> death
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22
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis

A

Interesting situation that is related to areas of damage in the brain
- amnesia, BOTH retrograde and anterograde
Inability to acquire new info
cofabulation

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23
Q

Define cofabulation

A

memory disturbance defined as a production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive
**** because of destruction of mamillary bodies in the brain

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24
Q

Function of mamillary bodies is

A

account for memory

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25
Q

B2 is ______

Produced partially by _____

A

riboflavin

gut flora

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26
Q

Deficiency in riboflavin is called ________.

A

Ariboflavinosis

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27
Q

Deficiency in riboflavin/B2 is characterized by

A

cheilosis (chelitits) aka angular cheilitits

Glossitis

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28
Q

Cheilosis

A

Cracks on the angle of mouth due to tissue degeneration due to deficiency of vitamin B2 - as soon as tissue cracks lead to infection of that area - THIS IS A PRIMARY PROBLEM

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29
Q

Chelitis

A

Inflammation of around the lips —-> due to cheiolosis

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30
Q

Angular cheilitis

A

area of angle by the mouth

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31
Q

Glossitis

A

atrophy of the tongue - effects taste - people with long term of vitamin B2 deficiency leads to loss of taste - very red almost maroon

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32
Q

Explain “superficial interstitial keratitis”

A

Inflammation of cornea

  • cornea is rich in nociceptors and has NO blood vessel
  • corneal scarring is the end result of the initial invasion of blood vessels into the corneal stroma as part of the inflammatory response.
  • result of B2 deficiency
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33
Q

Cornea receives nutrition from

A

tears

34
Q

Describe corneal ulcers

A

very painful ,so many nociceptors there makes it very painful - healing of this ulcer will lead to CT (white tissue) healing the ulcer and leads to loss of vision)

35
Q

Vitamin B3 is called

A

Niacin

36
Q

B3 can be used as medication as a vaso_____.

A

Vasodilation

37
Q

Niacin is produced predominantly by _____ from _____

A

Gut Flora from tryptophan

38
Q

Function of B3

A

decreased production of LDL —-> prevention of atherosclerosis

39
Q

A deficiency of B3 results in what disease?

A

Pellagra

40
Q

What are the characteristics of pellagra?

A 
4 D's"
Dementia
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Death
41
Q

Characteristics of dermatitis in pellagra

A

Casal’s necklace
Any areas of sun exposure
glove and stocking lesion

42
Q

Dementai is a characteristic of pellagra and results in

A

generation of cortisol neurons/grey matter = damage of the spinal cord

43
Q

T/F Those that are deficient in B3 can present with Glossitis and Cheilosis

A

True

44
Q

Vitamin B6 is known as

A

Pyridoxine

45
Q

B6 can be destroyed by what?

A

thermolabile - small amount o cheat will destroy it

46
Q

List the medications that can compete with B6 - what are these medications for?

A

Izoniazid - antituberculosis medication, thought probably not used as often today
Estrogen - high production of estrogens or home treatment (birth control)
D-penicillamine - medication used for wilson’s disease and system sclerosis - has great chelating components

47
Q

Symptoms of B6 deficiency

A 
Cheilosis/cheiolitis
Glossitis
Peripheral polyneuropathy 
Convulsions - esp. in babies
Increased sloughing of epithelial cells ---> leads to Nidus which are urniary tract stones 
Seborrheic dermatitis aka Dandruff
48
Q

Organic core of unitary stores - that clumps together epithelial cells from inside the bladder - the core grows larger and larger to form stones in the unready tract this is called a

A

Nidus

49
Q

Vitamin B12 is known as

A

Cyanocobalamin

50
Q

AKA for Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin AKA extrinsic factor of Castle

51
Q

Where can be B12 be found in?

A

Only animal foods

Thought to be found in deep sea plants

52
Q

T/F Vitamin B12 can NOT be absorbed directly into the body

A

True

53
Q

Explain the process of how Vitamin B12 is taken up by the body

A
  • Protein is consumed
  • Salivary glands release R-binding factor
  • R-binder binds to B12 and carries it form the stomach to the duodenum where they dissociate
  • “stomach parietal cells” produce and secrete intrinsic factor which then moves into the duodenum
  • Ileum has receptors for Intrinsic factor - Intrinsic factor and extrinsic factor bind and then move intrinsic factor into the blood circulation where intrinsic and extrinsic factor dissociate
54
Q

Causes of B12 deficiency

A

Diet

Autoimmune

55
Q

What are the three cases of autoimmune disorders (idiopathic) that can lead to a B12 deficiency

A

Autoimmune chronic gastritis
Blocking Antibodies
Binding Antibodies

56
Q

Which autoimmune disorder produces parietal canalicular antibodies which destroy parietal cells in the stomach?

  • What does this result in?
  • What type of AB is this?
A

Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis
Results in no production of intrinsic factor and B12 cannot be absorbed
Type III

57
Q

Which autoimmune disorder binds to intrinsic factor - blocking the receptor for B12/extrinsic factor of castle?

  • What does this result in?
  • What type of AB is this?
A

Block AB
B12 cannot bind to intrinsic factor
Type I

58
Q

Which autoimmune disorder binds to rectors for intrinsic factor in the ileum?

  • What is the result?
  • What type of AB is this?
A

Binding AB
Bounded intrinsic and extrinsic factor cannot pass through to the GI wall and enter the blood circulation where they would normally dissociate
Type II

59
Q

Which autoimmune disorder leads to NO production of B12

A

Chronic Gastritis

60
Q

Which autoimmune disorder does not allow B12 to bind to intrinsic factor?

A

Blocking AB

61
Q

Which autoimmune disorder can not make it to the GI wall and blood circulation?

A

Binding AB

62
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia (because it travels in the blood) would result in

A

Hemopoietic problems

Nervous system pathologies

63
Q

Situations for Vitamin B12 deficiency causes

A 
Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12 
Surgical removal of stomach or Ileum
Malnutrition or alcoholism
Celiac disease, Crohn's disease
Intake of medications 
Vegans
64
Q

What medications cause a problem with B12 absorption and why?

A

Ranitidine: most common GI medication for stomach hyperacidity
Metformin: drug for diabetes type II

65
Q

Diseases associated with Vitamin B12

A

Pernicious (malignant anemia)
Mesoblastic anemias
Demyelination

66
Q

Pathological Mechanism of Pernicious anemia

A
  • some claim absent of intrinsic factor
  • chronic gastritis
  • blocking AB
  • Binding AB
67
Q

AKA for pernicious anemia

A

Malignant anemia

68
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Means all blood cells are larger than normal
In their immature form
This includes: RBCs, WBCs and platelets

69
Q

What are the two types of anemias that will cause Megaloblastic anemia

A

Vitamin B12 - deficient anemia

Folic acid - deficient anemia

70
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

A

Macrocytes = monocytes - these are in the mature cells found in the peripheral blood

71
Q

Folic acid deficiency anemia

A

Folic acid participates in hemopoiesis - if absent = anemia

72
Q

Vitamin B12 activates

A

tetrahydrafolate

73
Q

Biochemical pathway of folic acid

A

Folic acid is eaten - converted to mono glutamate in the blood circulation - reductase converts mono glutamate into tetrahydrofolate (active form) - this donates carbon to DNA in blood - now it is inactive - Vitamin B12 converts inactive tetrahydrofolate into active so that it can now donate more carbon
*reusable material for higher speed of production

74
Q

Anemia means

A

there is a decreased amount of RBCs/hemoglobin

75
Q

If a pt. is anemic you would also notice that they also had hyperchormic anemia which would mean

A

They have a iron deficiency as well

76
Q

With pernicious anemia, the RBS are too large to fit in the capillaries - they are not able to bend - sine the cell membranes are so right the RBC cannot enter the ________ which means that there would be __________

A

capillaries so it would result in a decreased amount of O2 to the tissues

77
Q

Demyelination

  • where does it occur
  • results in
A

Myelin degeneration = decreased rate of conduction

  • Posterior and lateral column tracts of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and DRG
  • Results in: numbness and tingling in hands and feet, ataxia, paraplegia, pathological reflexes
78
Q

Ataxia in myelin degeneration involves what tract?

A

spinocerebellar tract

79
Q

Define Paraplegia

A

subacute combined degernation of the spinal cord

- affects PNS and may affect CNS

80
Q

Paraplegia that affects the CNS is called

A

Megaloblastic madness

81
Q

What differentiation can we make between Vitamin B12 and Folic acid deficiencies?

A

Folic acid results in cheilosis/cheilitis and glossitis - vitamin B12 does not
Folic Acid does not affect the nervous system but Vitamin B12 does

82
Q

Explain Methotrexate

A

Leukemia drug
Prevents formation of too many blood cells - point is to stop production of the blood cells so that the disease will stop spreading
- inhibits reductase
- surpasses immune system because it would there fore decrease WBCs

Path 1 (12 decks)

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