Path 1 Quiz 2 Flashcards
Function of Residual bodies
the intracellular accumulation of residual bodies is related to the cell’s capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or to deal with damaged organelles
Residual bodies are recovered cells and are able to function normally
TRUE
How do residuals bodies come into existence?
When the tissue is destroyed the cell’s attempt to survive relies on a lysosome to engulf the damaged portion and break it down as much as possible, these lysosomes spit up fragments that can not be ingested and remain as separate isolated bodies in the cell known as residual bodies
Residual bodies are left inside the cell
TRUE
Are residual bodies digestible at some point?
They are indefinitely undigestible
3 areas where injury to tissue often occur
nervous tissue, kidney, liver
AKA for hyaline changes
Hyalinization
Characteristics of hyaline changes
Pink, glass - like - protein substance that can be found under microscope within the cells or outside the cells
Hyalinization is a result of ______ accumulation
PROTEIN
Explain characteristics of Intracellular Accumulation
Deposition of protein that is reversible, not dangerous, does not change
What are some types of intracellular accumulation?
Reabsorption droplets necrotic syndrome mallory alcoholics hyaline (mallory bodies) russel bodies Butcher Bodies lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma -aka hyper viscosity syndomre -aka waldenstrom macroglbulinemia Multiple Myeloma
Explain Reabsorption droplets
- where does this occur?
- What is occurring?
- What does it cause/what is a finding in a patient with reabsorption droplets?
- Occurs in the Renal Proximal Tubule Cells
- Abnormal protein lost in the urine that the tubules try and reabsorb the protein - could happen from increased mobility of glomerulite proteins
- causes proteinuria
AKA for Reabsorption droplets
Minimal change disease
Nil Lesions
Nil disease
Lipid Nephrosis
Is the disease reversible?
Yes, because…
- It is an intracellular accumulation - they are all reversible
- Once urine has less protein in it the droplets will return into the urine and be deposited out
Define necrotic syndrome
When there is a dramatic loss of protein to the kidney
AKA for Mallory Alcoholics Hyaline
Mallory bodies
Explain Mallory Alcoholics Hyaline
- Where is it found
- Why has it occurred
- What is the result
- Is it reversible?
- Found in the liver
- Consumption of alcohol
- Protein accumulates in the hepatocytes
- Destroys the cell
- It is reversible if you stop drinking
Function of Russell Bodies
Produce Antibodies
Where are Russell Bodies found?
They are found in plasma cells
(tumors) - protein deposition into the cytoplasm
What pathology are Russell Bodies most commonly seen in?
Multiple Myeloma *the most common bone malignant tumor in adults
How are Dutcher bodies different from Russel bodies?
Butcher bodies go into the the nucleus of the cell
Plasma cells are produced by ______________
B-lymphoctyes
B-cell neoplasms
Tumors that are made of plasma cells
Tumor cells are made up of ____ type of plasma cells and only ____ type of AB
One, One
Monoclonal Gammopathies
Tumor - M type protein tumor in the plasma cell that has little clinical significance
Multiple myeloma is produced by what immunoglobin
IgG (60%)
Light chain hemoglobin (20%)
AKA for multiple myeloma
-explain it
- Plasma cell myeloma
- uncontrolled proliferation and disorder of function of plasma cells in bone marrow
- Most common bone malignancy
Bence Jones Proteins
- What are they?
- What does there presence mean?
- Light chains of hemoglobin G
- Absolute diagnosis of multiple myeloma - does result in hyper viscosity syndrome
Most common bone malignant tumor in adults
multiple myeloma
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
-Characteristics
tumor where plasma cells produce immunoglobin IgM
-Increased blood viscosity leading to hyper viscosity syndrome
IgM consists of how many IgGs ?
5 IgG
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma aka(s)
- waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
- hyper viscosity syndrome
Life span for those suffering from Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
5 years - no cure
What are examples of extracellular accumulation?
Lacunar Infarction
Hyaline arterioloscerosis
Amyloid
Explain Lacunar Infarction
- type of stroke that results from occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries that provides blood to the brain’s deep structures.
- Loss of sophisticated motor function because no blood flow to nervous tissue (brain) - leads to area of necrosis of neuron death
- deposition of hyaline into the space between the cells in arterioles (smallest arteries)
- area of stroke
Explain waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Cancer of B lymphocytes
Explain Plasma Cell dyscrasias
Disorder of the plasma cells - A group of B - cell neoplasms - produced as the result of abnormal proliferation of group of monoclonal population of plasma cells that may or may not secrete detectable levels monoclonal immunoglobin - or immunoglobin fragment
What protein is found in multiple myeloma?
M Protein aka paraprotein
Where are butcher bodies found?
Nucleus of the cell
Monoclonal tumor are…
cancer of B-lymphoctyes
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia AKA hyper viscosity syndrome
AKA lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
…results in the overproduction of what immunoglobulin/Antibodies?
IgM antibodies
What immunoglobulin increases the viscosity of blood?
An increase of IgM will increase the viscosity of blood
Russel Bodies and butcher bodies are commonly seen in what type of cancer?
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia AKA Hyper viscosity Syndrome AKA Lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
Inter-cellular deposition between or among cells causes what to occur? is it reversible?
Dangerous, obstruction of lumen of small vessels, irreversible
Examples of Inter-cellular deposition?
Ischemia infarction
hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Amyloid
Ischemia Infarction
- What is it?
- AKA
- Tissue necrosis
- lacunar infarction
Lacunar infarction can lead to
Loss of sophisticated motor function
What occurs during lacunar infarction/ischemia infarction
deposition of hyaline into the space between the cells into the arterials - leads to the constriction of blood vessels - no blood flow to the nervous tissue - leads to death of the neurons = necrosis of the tissue - type of stroke
Hyaline arteriosclerosis build up can lead to
Lacunar infarction
Lacunar Infarction, as well as hypertension, leads to an increased brittleness of vessels which contributes to what type of stroke?
Intracerebral hemorrhage storke (rupture)
Explain Hyaline arterioloscerosis
arterial walls become hard and brittle - these are usually very strong and could keep blood with in - but because of the stiffening and hardening they become brittle and rupture
Amyloid is irreversible
TRUE
Explain Amyloid
is the generic term for a variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitum in a spectrum of clinical disorders
Explain Amyloidosis
- Life expectancy
- caused by..
- localized or systemic?
- Etiology
- Common location
- Life expectancy - death within 2 years of diagnosis
- Caused by alternative cells of the body that effect different organs
- Can be BOTH localized and systemic
- Etiology: primarily it is idiopathic secondary it is a result of another disorder (such as: TB, chronic bacterial infections, any immune disease - RA, spondilities - autoimmune diseases)
- Common location: kidney, brain, liver and heart muscle
Amyloidosis, if present in the kidney can lead to…
Kidney failure
Reversible type changes are known as adaptive responses
List examples of adaptive responses…
TRUE
- Alternative Pathway
- Altered size
When would a cell use alternative metabolism?
when use of normal metabolism is impossible due to damage
How much ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylation can not occur when? What alternative pathway would it take?
2 ATP
- When there is an absence of O2
- Alternative examples include: glycolysis, fatty tissues, protein from the muscles
Examples of alternative size adaptions?
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Osteoporosis
Define hypertrophy
Cell/organ enlargement in response to increased demands
Hypertension can lead to heart hypertrophy
TRUE - increased resistance, increased pressure - heart now has to work HARDER so it enlarges and increases the walls with thickness
Define Atrophy
Shrinks due to decreased demands
What is diffuse atrophy? What is a clinical example of this?
Diffuse atrophy is when you don’t use it - you loose it
An example of this is osteoporosis
Cause of osteoporosis
May result from disease but also commonly due to hormonal change - quite frequently seen in women after they have gone through metapause
Explain osteoporosis
- what is it?
- how much skeletal mass is lost?
- who commonly develops osteoporosis? who isn’t? any other exceptions?
- Loss of skeletal load, inner portion of the bone is gone
- .7% of bone mass is lost
- White women with blonde hair are commonly diagnosed
Dark skinned people are not commonly diagnosed with osteoporosis
obese people will not develop it
(because fat accumulates estrogen and can continue to release it post metapause)
Common places you will see osteoporosis? Common result of osteoporosis in this area?
- Vertebra (compression fracture)
- Ribs (fragmentscan penetrate -pleura into lungs)
- Neck of femur (could lead to fracture)
- Wrist (FOOSH)
The most bone mass is gained during one’s life time when?
1st 30 years of life
What ways can we improve bone ?
Vitamin D2
Ca+
Exercise with weight resistance
What are the two components of bone?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Decrease in sex hormones can lead to a decrease in what component of bone?
decrease in osteoclasts
An adaptive response includes alternative sizes - which could include the effects of inadequate neurological or hormonal stimulation
TRUE
Disease that is a result of a lack of neurological misbalance?
Poliomyelitis
Explain Polio myelitis
- What part of the spinal cord does it affect?
- What does it effect?
- How is it prevented?
- Disease that results in atrophy of the nervous system which results in dramatic destruction of the muscles
- Affects the ANTERIOR portion of the spinal cord
- Impairs the trophic and motor function of the CNS
- Vaccine is the only preventative measure
Pituitary gland produces and secretes what hormone?
With out this hormone what would occur?
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- inadequate stimulus of the thyroid result sin atrophy
Example of a disease that results from the inadequate stimulus of the thyroid?
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
When was Hashimoto Thyroiditis discovered? Explain it and list its clinical characteristics - Etiology?
-1912
-Type of Autoimmune disease (first to be discovered)
Because, antibodies bind and block THS receptors on the thyroid - this forms an antigen and antibody complex - results function of the thyroid to go down
-Idiopathic - could be iodine deficiency
-Leads to atrophy of the thyroid gland because of inadequate stimulation
-Inflammatory of the thyroid gland
- fatigue, constipation, weight gain, dry skin
AKA for Hashimoto Thyroiditis
HYPOthyroidism
Grave’s Disease aka
HYPERthyrodism
Grave’s disease is what type of disease? and what is its etiology?
Autoimmune and idiopathic
Female to male ratio for Grave’s disease
2: 1
* Very young women
What occurs in Grave’s disease?
Antibodies bind to TSH receptors and mimic TSH -> produces an over stimulation
Clinical findings in Grave’s disease?
- Hypertrophy of the thyroid
- Exopthalmus (bulging eyes)
- Toxic goiter
Examples of reversible structural changes
Loss of ribosomes
partial loss of mitochondria
BLEBS: pouching of cell membrane
What are BLEBS?
out pockets of the cell membrane
1 - 2 of them is reversible but too many of them is not
What are myelin figures?
One or two irreversible change to the cell - disruption of the cell membrane - 1-2 reversible - too many and it becomes irreversible
List three types of cell damage and define them?
Karyolysis: dissolution of the nucleus
Pkynosis: condensation (smaller inside) of the nucleus
Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of the nucleus
Define Necrosis
Death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in localized area of the body
Condition of cell death
List the types of necrosis
Coagulative Liquefaction Casseous Gummatous Zener's Fibrinoid Fat Gangrenous
Explain Coagulative necrosis?
Implies preservation of basic outline of the coagulated cell for a span of at least some days which allows the body to attempt to heal - size, shape and strength of the cell
Components of coagulative necrosis ?
Denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
Breakdown of cell organelles
Cell swelling
Example of coagulative necrosis
Seen in myocardial infarction (death of cardiac tissue)
Define Infarct?
zone of necrosis caused by oxygen deficiency
White infarct?
results in heart tissue with lack of blood supply (coronary arteries)
Red infarct?
Occurs commonly where?
Develops in the tissue with more than one source of blood supply
-Lungs or liver
Fibrosis replaces
Dead tissue
Liquefactive necrosis
Complete digestion of dead cells - results in transformation of the tissue into a “liquid viscous mass”
Example of liquefactive necrosis
Stroke, the development of an infarct in the brain tissue - area is filled with CSF and neuroglia - brain damage in the case of a stroke - forms a cavity/empty space - replaced with neuroglia then function is lost
Explain Cassous Necrosis
“Cheese Like”
Creates cavity
Amorphous granular debris –> seemingly composed of fragmented coagulated cells - enclosed with in a distinctive inflammatory border known as granulomatous reaciotn
Granulomatous reaction
- This leads to what?
where amorphous granular debris are enclosed in an inflammatory border
-This leads to the cavity formation
Top two examples of caseous Necrosis?
TB in the lungs (cavity, physical disruption of tissue and vessels)
Leprosy - chronic bacterial infection causing nerve damage
*both contagious
Gummatous Necrosis
- List AKAs
- Etiology
AKA = syphilis, Lus or gumma
- STD or congenital
- necrosis of nervous tissue - affects spinal cord and brain
Syphillis affects what part of the spinal cord
- what is it called when it is in this portion of the spinal cord?
POSTERIOR
“Tabes dorsalis”
*symmetrical numbness and tingling
general paresis aka general paresis of insane occurs when syphillis is located where?
Gray matter of the brain and leads to dementia
Zenker’s Necrosis
- what disease is it common in?
severe waxy or glassy necrosis of skeletal mm. in “acute infectious diseases” like typhoid fever and cholera
Fat Necrosis
-AKA
Necrosis of adipose tissue, characterized by formation of calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed in to glycerol and fatty acids
-AKA Steatonecrosis
Example of Fat necrosis/stetonecrosis?
-Characteristics
Panceonecrosis
- more common in middle aged women
- Gall bladder stone obstruct
- leads to death
- pancreatic bile and juices stay with in the pancreas and leads to necrosis of the pancreas
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Occurs in the cells of blood vessels when endothelial or smooth muscle cells are injured or dying
*more common with immunopatholgies
Example of fibrinoid necrosis pathology?
rheumatic myocarditis from thematic fever
Aschoff’s Nodules
Nodes are seen in inter muscular connective tissue - seen in rheumatic myocarditis
Gangrene Necrosis
-AKA
serious and potential life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies
-AKA gangrene Necrosis
Dry Gangrene
Condition when coagulation is sustained
-The frame/bone/tissue is there but just BLACK
Dry Gangrene is caused by
Ischemia
Atherosclorisis
Diabetes mellitus
Pathology commonly associated with dry gangrene
- Systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma
- Diabetes Mellitus aka Diabetic Microangiopathy
- Buerger’s disease aka thrombroangitits obliterates
AKA for Systemic sclerosis
Explain
Scleroderma
- Vasospasm and obliteration of small blood vessels of distal extremities
- Collagen
- xray shows normal tone but tissues are affected
AKA for diabetes mellitus
Where are symptoms commonly found?
Extremities, kidney and eyes
AKA for Buerger’s disease
*Commonly seen in whom?
What occurs?
Thromboangitits Obliterates
-Smokers - results in the development in AB that attack endothelial cells
Usually young males
Wet Gangrene
Occurs if the enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction
Wet gangrene blocks blood flow usually in the veins one example of this is…
bed sores - pressure on the tissue causing decreased blood flow to the areas = cell death
An example of Wet Gangrene called Polyarteris modosa is…
systemic vasculartitis of the fingers “Naked bones”
Gas Gangrene
Bacterial infection that produces gas with in the tissues
What two bacterias cause gas gangrene?
Anaerobic streptococci and Clostridium perfringens
What would be a sign of absolute death?
Change in the nucleus:
Karytonsis
Kartorrheic
Pktynosis
What two bacterias cause Wet gangrene?
clostridium partings and basically fusiformis
Define Gangere
Dead tissue caused by an infection or lack of blood flow
Example of gangrene in intestines
hernia
