Path 1 Flashcards
Define Pathology
Bridge between clinical science and basic science. pathos = suffering “studying of suffering”
Etiology
The cause of disease
Etiological agent
Define Influenza Pneumonia
What is an aka? Why are they this aka?
Infectious inflammation of lungs
aka = black lung, black pneumonia
Due to hemorrhage in the lung
Etiological agent of influenza pneumonia is
influenza aka the flu
Define Acute Cystitis
Dramatic inflammation of the bladder
Etiological agent for Acute Cystitis
Gram Negative rods = E. Coli
Define Idiopathic disease
Disease in which the cause is unknown
Idiopathic Ankylosing spondylitis aka
Bamboo spine
Idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis is…
Inflammation of spinal synovial joints leads to vertebral body fusion - ossification of all ligaments in the spine
Causes a hunched over posture
Hyperostosis AKAs
DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)
Forestier’s Disease
Hyperostosis is…
fusion and ossification of ALL
Do you adjust DISH?
NO
Genetic etiology
Congenital and acquired. when an individual’s genes are responsible for some structural or function defect
Explain Huntington’s disease
Loss of motor function du etc loss of neurons - “stratal nuclei” and enlargement of ventricles
Degeneration of basal Ganglia (located in brain) - leads to loss of motor function
Average age for onset of hungington’s disease
Age: 30 - 35 years old
Explain Chorea
What characterizes Chorea
Prognosis of Chorea
Problem in the CNS
Produces jerky, involuntary movement of the body’s muscles - extremities, particularly in the face.
Progresses and eventually results in full disability and death
Dementia
Treatment?
progressive mental impairment
No prevention or treatment
Explain Down’s syndrome
Can they be adjusted?
Chromosomal abnormality resulting in mental handicap and characteristic physical appearances - has an extra chromosome on #21
Can not be adjusted due to missing cruciate ligament
A child with down’s syndrome’s chances increase when…
The parents have the baby later in life - 35 and older
Congenital Etiology
When the genetic information is intact. but other factors in the embryos intrauterine environment interfere with normal development
Teratogenic effect
effect on the child resulting in abnormal development
teratogen = an agent the cause physical abnormality in developing embryo or fetus
What causes Toxoplasmosis …
What are the effects of toxoplasmosis
Caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii - related to cat feces
Fetus will experience teratogenic effects - resulting in physical deformites
What is Rubella?
measles - can hurt fetus
Explain Alcohol fetal syndrome
Time when this can affect fetus the most.
Changes of the human body associated with high consumption of alcoholic beverages before pregnancy or first trimester - it effects the mitosis/cell replication
Highest teratogenic effect in the 1st 3 days of pregnancy and 1st trimester - you should not drink one month prior to becoming pregnant either
Explain Thalidomide and its effects in the past
Pharmaceutical company - made to suppress sickness for first trimester of pregnancy. Resulted in genetic effects in baby - did not decrease life expectancy of child - some grew and lived long lives
Thalidomide AKA
Sleeping drug (Pfizer)
Acquired
After birth
Herpetic rash is caused by what? - aka ?
Virus that causes the disease
Most likely occurs when?
Characteristics
Herpes zoster = shingles —->caused by varicella-zoster virus -> causes chicken pox
Occurs when the immune system is weakened
follows dermatomes - usually unilateral
Explain Emphysema
Complications
People commonly seen with emphysema
lung consolidation due to rupture and damage of alveoli
results in shortness of breath and in severe cases can lead to respiratory and/or heart failure
Seen with smokers
Emphysema aka
Bulbous emphysema: dilation of lungs and destruction of alveolar walls
Brain Abscess aka
para meningeal infection
Cause of Brain abscess
improper treatment of pimples (popping)
What bacteria is associated with brain abscess
staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes
How does bacteria related with brain abscess travel to the brain?
via veins of the face and brain
Results of Brain Abscess
- Least common
- Most common
Least common: Fatal in extreme cases,
Most common: Leads to spreading of infection and damage/scarring of the skin
Define Symptom
Examples
Subjective perception of the problem *pain, nausea, headache
Define Sign
Examples
Objective finding *fever, BP, rash
Define Syndrome
The characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease. Very often have names after the author who describe them.
Explain Raynaud’s Syndrome
Mostly seen where?
Vasospastic reactions in the fingers (most common), toes and sometimes the lips. Vasospasm (narrowing of the vessel lumen) which is associated with the contraction of the smooth mm. cells.
3 things that happen during raynaud’s syndrome
in proper order
First: hands become absolutely white, no inflow of blood (contraction of arteries)
Second: vasospasm of veins changes the color into the blue (contraction of veins
Third: Dramatic inflow of blood into the fingers which changes the color of the finger to red (relaxation of vessels and blood returns)
Explain Sjogren’s syndrome
What does this syndrome manifest from?
Who and what age is this commonly seen in?
autoimmune disorder, characterized by total dryness of the mucous surfaces due to destruction of exocrine glands
usually a manifestation on rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
more common in female over 35 years old
Define xerostomia
As a result of….
Can lead to…
characterized by dryness of mouth
inflammation of sublingual gland
Loss of teeth
Define xerophthalmia
As a result of…
Can lead to…
dryness in eyes
inflammation of lacrimal gland
No tears
Explain Bilateral parotitis
Characteristic of people with parotitis
What other pathology is this characteristic seen in?
inflammation of parotid glands
hamster face
typical in mumps
Define Pathogenesis
pattern of disease development
mechanism of development of disease
Characteristics of Acute disease
how many days does it last
Examples
characterized by abrupt, sudden onset. Usually lasts a 5-7 days and subsides (short duration) could be serious or not serious
ex) common cold with out complication, virus
Characteristics of Chronic disease
Examples
very serious, very slow onset which can last days, months, or years. duration of chronic disease is longer than six weeks or more
example) TB, Cancer
Characteristics of Subacute disease
used rarely because of misunderstanding, between 1 and 6 weeks of duration
Define Local disease
confined to one region (organ) of the body
Scirrhous stomach cancer is a systemic or local disease?
Local - because it is in one part of the body = the stomach
Define Focal Damage
Example
Limited to one or more distant sites within a diseased organ
example) cancer of just the pylor
Define Diffuse Damage
Example
uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ
example) cancer of the entire stomach
Define Systemic Disease
involves other organs and systems, even if there is just a little damage
Local disease can become systemic
Example
True
cancer metastasizing
tuberculosis in lungs could spread to other organ sit immune system can’t contain it
Bacteria associated with tuberculosis in lungs
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Define Diagnosis
Example
Identification of the patient’s specific disease
ex) atlas misalignment
Define Prognosis
Example
Prediction of the patents specific disease - prediction of their disease outcome
Ex) prognosis of the weather being good
3 causes of cell injury
Deficiency, intoxication, trauma
Define Deficiency
Lack of substance(s) necessary to the cell to function normally
Two types of deficiencies and explain them both
Primary nutrient deficiency: simple absence of nutrient component(s) in food
Secondary: components of the food are there but some components can not be absorbed in the body for different reasons.
Example of Primary nutrient deficiency
What is it deficient in? Name both proper name and common name
Characteristic of this deficiency syndrome
Pellagra
deficient in vitamin B3 (niacin)
resulting in Casel’s necklace dermatitis
4 D’s: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
2 examples of secondary deficiency
What they are deficient in both proper name and common name
Why they are deficient
Pernicious anemia:
-Vitamin B12(cobalamin)
-B12 must combine with intrinsic factor to be combined into the blood
-Intrinsic Factor is blocked! (this results in B12 not being able to be absorbed)
Osteoporosis:
-Vitamin D
-receptor is not active
Define Intoxication of a cell
poisoning - the presence of a substance (toxin) that interferes with cell function
Define Exogenous toxins
List 3 common contributors of exogenous toxins
come from the outside
- infection/ microbes(usually gram negative)
- chemicals(added to food to extend expiration date)
- overdose on some medication (big in USA)
How do Endogenous toxins affect cell function
can interfere with cell function via accumulation of normal metabolite or the activation of an alternative pathway
What causes Genetic Disorders
Non production of an enzyme
Genetic disorders associated with accumulation of a NORMAL metabolite
alkaptonuria
Explain Alkapeonuria
- what enzyme is not being produced
- what is not being converted
- what accumulates
- major sign of Alkapeonuria
AKU
Homeogenistic acid oxidase is not produced
Body can not convert Amino acids: phenylalanine and tyrosine
Homeogenistic acid oxidase (intermediate) accumulates
Black Urine, Degeneration, early onset of OA
what is the oxygenated form of homeogenistic acid? This is what is not converted
Alkapton
Build up of homogentistic acid in patients with alkapeonuria occurs commonly in cartilage , this can lead to…
- degeneration (Cartilage)
- OA (Cartilage)
- pigmentation, ossification and calcification of IVDs occur because alkapton attracts it - known as *spondyloarthritis
Sign typical of onchronosis - or sight of deported Alkapton
blue ear
Example of Genetic disorders for activation of an alternate pathway
Phenylketonuria
Normal ___% of phenylalanine is used and ___% is converted to _______.
Normally 50% of phenylalanine is used and 50% is converted to tyrosine
What enzyme is not being produced in phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is the job of that enzyme normally?
What happens in response?
-Non production of phenylalanine hydroxylase —-> this leads to the switch to the alternate pathway
-Phenylalanine hydroxyls converts phenylalanine to tyrosine; helps break down phenylalanine
-Leads to very toxic substances: Production of phenylpyruvic acid, phenyl lactic acid, and phenyl acetic acid
phenylalanine to build up in your body
Symptoms associated with pheylketonuria
serious mental underdevelopment, low IQ; many can’t walk or talk, light hair and skin
Genetic disorder due to ionizing radiation
Results in free radicals that can destroy cell membrane - once it is damage it can cause a problem with the function of that cell
Gout effects who most often
40 year old males
What is the main problem with gout?
gout is an accumulation of uric acid in the body
Congenital Etiology is preventable
True
We know __% of causes of disease; ___% of causes of disease are unknown
25% known
75% unknown
ankylosing spondylitis affects men more than women
TRUE
Name 3 pathologies that have a genetic etiology
Huntington’s Disease
Chorea
downs syndrome
Name a pathology and 3 examples that have a congenital etiology
Teratogenic effect: toxoplasmosis, alcohol fetal syndrome, ingestion of some medicines
An exogenous toxin that can be spread is through infection/microbes. What is an example of a microbe that can be spread through lack of food sanitary percussions?
Gram negative rods - great way to get jaundice and hep A
Job of antibiotics
Why are they considered bad?
Job of antibiotics are to prevent growth and function of bacteria
They are bad because this means that they can destroy normal and good bacteria in your body as well
Accumulating homogentisic acid causes damage to cartilage - mostly seen in the IVD- this is called?
ochronosis
AKA for ochronosis - why?
common symptom
secondary osteoarthritis - because its favorite tissue is cartilage
common cold, some with pneumonia, bronchitis
Those with PKU must avoid what?
Food high in phenylalanine - food with protein in it (meat, dairy products, dry beans, nuts, eggs - cereals, fruits and retables in moderation)
Effects of PKU
mental retardation, convulsions, behavior problems, skin rash, musty body odor
Purine end product after being metabolized
Uric acid
Gout is caused by
Too many purines, kidneys can’t get rid of uric acid. Gout is caused by a build up of uric acid salts in the tissue
What is the most painful arthritis in human pathology?
Gouty Arthritis
Normally where does Gouty Arthritis accumulate?
Can go anywhere but most commonly found in the first metatarsal joint
Tophus
Deposition of uric salts into the tissue
Where is typhus normally found?
Which is the most harmful for it to show up in?
surface of the proximal forearm - olecranon bursa, ears and kidneys - kidneys being the most harmful
If you have gout you should avoid eating…
fried fatty food and alcohol
What finding could strongly suggest that you have gout?
Tophi of the ear
Ways a cell can be injured via trauma
Direct trauma hypothermia (frostbite) Hyperthermia (fire or ionizing radiation) Electric Current mechanical pressure
Explain frostbite
The cytoplasm of the cells freeze - kills the cell
What is Mechanical Pressure
Examples of Cell Injury caused by trauma via MECHANICAL pressure
Cells are crushed as they cannot resist the pressure
Tumor
Stones: gallbladder, kidney stones = space occupying = increased hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys
Aneurysm
High Intensity Sound: can result in permanent hearing loss - kill nerve endings
Microorgansims
Aneurysm
Pouching of the vascular wall
may be due to congenital weak mm. layers of arteries
Subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke means the vessel _____
Ruptured
Common sites for aneurysm
cerebral arteries near bifurcations
What microorganism can cause trauma to a cell via what type of mosquitoes? How does this work? Any symptoms?
Malaria plasmodium
Anopheles mosquitoes
rupture of red blood cell - hemolytic anemia -> red blood cells continue to rupture
Terrible fever
Define Hemolytic Anemia
Rupture of red blood cell
Echinococcus Cyst
- etiology
- where does it go in body
Cyst develop and destroy human tissue Worm Can be found in meat that was not cooked well Balloon shaped parasite body Brain, liver, kidney
Idiopathic ankylosis spondylitis has what type of pain? Can you adjust this?
Severe Back pain. You CANNOT adjust
What are the categories of etiology?
Genetic, congenital, Acquired
Sjogren’s syndrome is manifested from RA and SLE but does not experience….
Joint pain
Importance of B12
Needed for normal RBC production in bone marrow and normal never cell metabolism
Hyperuricemia
excess of uric acid in the blood.
Hyperuricemia is most commonly associated with
GOUT
Hemorrhages like battle sign or raccoon eye are examples of what type of trauma?
Direct Contact
During Hyperthermia - what happens? what temperature must this be at?
Temperatures >42 degrees C
Protein coagulation occurs, transformation to carbon
A rise in hydrostatic pressure…
compression of the kidney tissues —> loss of function
Hydrophic changes AKAs
Cloudy swelling aka hydrophic degeneration
Ini nephrone tubule cells - NA+ is present and normally can move into the cell easily and ATP helps remove the NA+ what happens if the cell damage injures the “Mitochondria”
No more ATP, Na+ can’t leave the cell, increase in Na+ —-> leads to an increase in osmotic pressure in side the cell so water moves into the cell to balance the concentration and the cell then distends - as the tubule cell swells the size of the lumen decreases. Thus, decreases the size by 2, fluid amount that can flow through it is decreased by a power of 4
As the tubule cell swells the size of the lumen decreases/increases?
Decreases
If there are hydrophic changes in the lumen of the nephron - the amount of fluid that is able to leave the neprhone is decreased by
a power of 4
If the nephron of the tubule experiences hydrophic changes this will lead to (4)
- reduced function of the kidney -> kidney failure
- decrease rate of the urine forming because fluid can’t get through the tubule
- Increased urine in the Bowman’s capsule
- Cant filter blood - toxins remain in the body
Examples of reversible changes
Hydrophic changes, fatty changes
AKA for fatty changes
Steatosis
Explain Fatty changes
Common sites they are found
Develops in what cases?
Accumulate of fat (fatty acids) with in the cells Common sites include: liver, kidneys, heart Developed in case of: Protein malnutrition Intoxication (alcohol) Cardiac anorexia (hypoxia) lack of O2 obesity diabetes mellitus
Hepatocytes
Liver cells
Produce lipoproteins from free FAs and AA
An alcoholic causes what problems on hepatocytes
Cells become intoxicated by alcohol - Lipoproteins are unable to be produced so there is an accumulation of free fatty acids in the cell result - The hepatocytes distend - these apply pressure on adjacent cells and leads to scar tissue due to long term compression which eventually leads to tissue atrophy –> liver failure
Fatty change of the kidney aka
liver steatosis aka fatty liver
