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Path 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathology

A

Bridge between clinical science and basic science. pathos = suffering “studying of suffering”

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2
Q

Etiology

A

The cause of disease

Etiological agent

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3
Q

Define Influenza Pneumonia

What is an aka? Why are they this aka?

A

Infectious inflammation of lungs
aka = black lung, black pneumonia
Due to hemorrhage in the lung

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4
Q

Etiological agent of influenza pneumonia is

A

influenza aka the flu

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5
Q

Define Acute Cystitis

A

Dramatic inflammation of the bladder

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6
Q

Etiological agent for Acute Cystitis

A

Gram Negative rods = E. Coli

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7
Q

Define Idiopathic disease

A

Disease in which the cause is unknown

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8
Q

Idiopathic Ankylosing spondylitis aka

A

Bamboo spine

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9
Q

Idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis is…

A

Inflammation of spinal synovial joints leads to vertebral body fusion - ossification of all ligaments in the spine
Causes a hunched over posture

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10
Q

Hyperostosis AKAs

A

DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)

Forestier’s Disease

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11
Q

Hyperostosis is…

A

fusion and ossification of ALL

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12
Q

Do you adjust DISH?

A

NO

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13
Q

Genetic etiology

A

Congenital and acquired. when an individual’s genes are responsible for some structural or function defect

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14
Q

Explain Huntington’s disease

A

Loss of motor function du etc loss of neurons - “stratal nuclei” and enlargement of ventricles
Degeneration of basal Ganglia (located in brain) - leads to loss of motor function

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15
Q

Average age for onset of hungington’s disease

A

Age: 30 - 35 years old

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16
Q

Explain Chorea
What characterizes Chorea
Prognosis of Chorea

A

Problem in the CNS
Produces jerky, involuntary movement of the body’s muscles - extremities, particularly in the face.
Progresses and eventually results in full disability and death

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17
Q

Dementia

Treatment?

A

progressive mental impairment

No prevention or treatment

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18
Q

Explain Down’s syndrome

Can they be adjusted?

A

Chromosomal abnormality resulting in mental handicap and characteristic physical appearances - has an extra chromosome on #21
Can not be adjusted due to missing cruciate ligament

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19
Q

A child with down’s syndrome’s chances increase when…

A

The parents have the baby later in life - 35 and older

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20
Q

Congenital Etiology

A

When the genetic information is intact. but other factors in the embryos intrauterine environment interfere with normal development

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21
Q

Teratogenic effect

A

effect on the child resulting in abnormal development

teratogen = an agent the cause physical abnormality in developing embryo or fetus

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22
Q

What causes Toxoplasmosis …

What are the effects of toxoplasmosis

A

Caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii - related to cat feces
Fetus will experience teratogenic effects - resulting in physical deformites

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23
Q

What is Rubella?

A

measles - can hurt fetus

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24
Q

Explain Alcohol fetal syndrome

Time when this can affect fetus the most.

A

Changes of the human body associated with high consumption of alcoholic beverages before pregnancy or first trimester - it effects the mitosis/cell replication
Highest teratogenic effect in the 1st 3 days of pregnancy and 1st trimester - you should not drink one month prior to becoming pregnant either

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25
Q

Explain Thalidomide and its effects in the past

A

Pharmaceutical company - made to suppress sickness for first trimester of pregnancy. Resulted in genetic effects in baby - did not decrease life expectancy of child - some grew and lived long lives

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26
Q

Thalidomide AKA

A

Sleeping drug (Pfizer)

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27
Q

Acquired

A

After birth

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28
Q

Herpetic rash is caused by what? - aka ?
Virus that causes the disease
Most likely occurs when?
Characteristics

A

Herpes zoster = shingles —->caused by varicella-zoster virus -> causes chicken pox
Occurs when the immune system is weakened
follows dermatomes - usually unilateral

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29
Q

Explain Emphysema
Complications
People commonly seen with emphysema

A

lung consolidation due to rupture and damage of alveoli
results in shortness of breath and in severe cases can lead to respiratory and/or heart failure
Seen with smokers

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30
Q

Emphysema aka

A

Bulbous emphysema: dilation of lungs and destruction of alveolar walls

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31
Q

Brain Abscess aka

A

para meningeal infection

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32
Q

Cause of Brain abscess

A

improper treatment of pimples (popping)

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33
Q

What bacteria is associated with brain abscess

A

staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes

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34
Q

How does bacteria related with brain abscess travel to the brain?

A

via veins of the face and brain

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35
Q

Results of Brain Abscess

  • Least common
  • Most common
A

Least common: Fatal in extreme cases,

Most common: Leads to spreading of infection and damage/scarring of the skin

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36
Q

Define Symptom

Examples

A

Subjective perception of the problem *pain, nausea, headache

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37
Q

Define Sign

Examples

A

Objective finding *fever, BP, rash

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38
Q

Define Syndrome

A

The characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease. Very often have names after the author who describe them.

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39
Q

Explain Raynaud’s Syndrome

Mostly seen where?

A

Vasospastic reactions in the fingers (most common), toes and sometimes the lips. Vasospasm (narrowing of the vessel lumen) which is associated with the contraction of the smooth mm. cells.

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40
Q

3 things that happen during raynaud’s syndrome

in proper order

A

First: hands become absolutely white, no inflow of blood (contraction of arteries)
Second: vasospasm of veins changes the color into the blue (contraction of veins
Third: Dramatic inflow of blood into the fingers which changes the color of the finger to red (relaxation of vessels and blood returns)

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41
Q

Explain Sjogren’s syndrome
What does this syndrome manifest from?
Who and what age is this commonly seen in?

A

autoimmune disorder, characterized by total dryness of the mucous surfaces due to destruction of exocrine glands
usually a manifestation on rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
more common in female over 35 years old

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42
Q

Define xerostomia
As a result of….
Can lead to…

A

characterized by dryness of mouth
inflammation of sublingual gland
Loss of teeth

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43
Q

Define xerophthalmia
As a result of…
Can lead to…

A

dryness in eyes
inflammation of lacrimal gland
No tears

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44
Q

Explain Bilateral parotitis
Characteristic of people with parotitis
What other pathology is this characteristic seen in?

A

inflammation of parotid glands
hamster face
typical in mumps

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45
Q

Define Pathogenesis

A

pattern of disease development

mechanism of development of disease

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46
Q

Characteristics of Acute disease
how many days does it last
Examples

A

characterized by abrupt, sudden onset. Usually lasts a 5-7 days and subsides (short duration) could be serious or not serious
ex) common cold with out complication, virus

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47
Q

Characteristics of Chronic disease

Examples

A

very serious, very slow onset which can last days, months, or years. duration of chronic disease is longer than six weeks or more
example) TB, Cancer

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48
Q

Characteristics of Subacute disease

A

used rarely because of misunderstanding, between 1 and 6 weeks of duration

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49
Q

Define Local disease

A

confined to one region (organ) of the body

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50
Q

Scirrhous stomach cancer is a systemic or local disease?

A

Local - because it is in one part of the body = the stomach

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51
Q

Define Focal Damage

Example

A

Limited to one or more distant sites within a diseased organ

example) cancer of just the pylor

52
Q

Define Diffuse Damage

Example

A

uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ

example) cancer of the entire stomach

53
Q

Define Systemic Disease

A

involves other organs and systems, even if there is just a little damage

54
Q

Local disease can become systemic

Example

A

True
cancer metastasizing
tuberculosis in lungs could spread to other organ sit immune system can’t contain it

55
Q

Bacteria associated with tuberculosis in lungs

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

56
Q

Define Diagnosis

Example

A

Identification of the patient’s specific disease

ex) atlas misalignment

57
Q

Define Prognosis

Example

A

Prediction of the patents specific disease - prediction of their disease outcome
Ex) prognosis of the weather being good

58
Q

3 causes of cell injury

A

Deficiency, intoxication, trauma

59
Q

Define Deficiency

A

Lack of substance(s) necessary to the cell to function normally

60
Q

Two types of deficiencies and explain them both

A

Primary nutrient deficiency: simple absence of nutrient component(s) in food
Secondary: components of the food are there but some components can not be absorbed in the body for different reasons.

61
Q

Example of Primary nutrient deficiency
What is it deficient in? Name both proper name and common name
Characteristic of this deficiency syndrome

A

Pellagra
deficient in vitamin B3 (niacin)
resulting in Casel’s necklace dermatitis
4 D’s: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

62
Q

2 examples of secondary deficiency
What they are deficient in both proper name and common name
Why they are deficient

A

Pernicious anemia:
-Vitamin B12(cobalamin)
-B12 must combine with intrinsic factor to be combined into the blood
-Intrinsic Factor is blocked! (this results in B12 not being able to be absorbed)
Osteoporosis:
-Vitamin D
-receptor is not active

63
Q

Define Intoxication of a cell

A

poisoning - the presence of a substance (toxin) that interferes with cell function

64
Q

Define Exogenous toxins

List 3 common contributors of exogenous toxins

A

come from the outside

  1. infection/ microbes(usually gram negative)
  2. chemicals(added to food to extend expiration date)
  3. overdose on some medication (big in USA)
65
Q

How do Endogenous toxins affect cell function

A

can interfere with cell function via accumulation of normal metabolite or the activation of an alternative pathway

66
Q

What causes Genetic Disorders

A

Non production of an enzyme

67
Q

Genetic disorders associated with accumulation of a NORMAL metabolite

A

alkaptonuria

68
Q

Explain Alkapeonuria

  • what enzyme is not being produced
  • what is not being converted
  • what accumulates
  • major sign of Alkapeonuria
A

AKU
Homeogenistic acid oxidase is not produced
Body can not convert Amino acids: phenylalanine and tyrosine
Homeogenistic acid oxidase (intermediate) accumulates
Black Urine, Degeneration, early onset of OA

69
Q

what is the oxygenated form of homeogenistic acid? This is what is not converted

A

Alkapton

70
Q

Build up of homogentistic acid in patients with alkapeonuria occurs commonly in cartilage , this can lead to…

A
  • degeneration (Cartilage)
  • OA (Cartilage)
  • pigmentation, ossification and calcification of IVDs occur because alkapton attracts it - known as *spondyloarthritis
71
Q

Sign typical of onchronosis - or sight of deported Alkapton

A

blue ear

72
Q

Example of Genetic disorders for activation of an alternate pathway

A

Phenylketonuria

73
Q

Normal ___% of phenylalanine is used and ___% is converted to _______.

A

Normally 50% of phenylalanine is used and 50% is converted to tyrosine

74
Q

What enzyme is not being produced in phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is the job of that enzyme normally?
What happens in response?

A

-Non production of phenylalanine hydroxylase —-> this leads to the switch to the alternate pathway
-Phenylalanine hydroxyls converts phenylalanine to tyrosine; helps break down phenylalanine
-Leads to very toxic substances: Production of phenylpyruvic acid, phenyl lactic acid, and phenyl acetic acid
phenylalanine to build up in your body

75
Q

Symptoms associated with pheylketonuria

A

serious mental underdevelopment, low IQ; many can’t walk or talk, light hair and skin

76
Q

Genetic disorder due to ionizing radiation

A

Results in free radicals that can destroy cell membrane - once it is damage it can cause a problem with the function of that cell

77
Q

Gout effects who most often

A

40 year old males

78
Q

What is the main problem with gout?

A

gout is an accumulation of uric acid in the body

79
Q

Congenital Etiology is preventable

A

True

80
Q

We know __% of causes of disease; ___% of causes of disease are unknown

A

25% known

75% unknown

81
Q

ankylosing spondylitis affects men more than women

A

TRUE

82
Q

Name 3 pathologies that have a genetic etiology

A

Huntington’s Disease
Chorea
downs syndrome

83
Q

Name a pathology and 3 examples that have a congenital etiology

A

Teratogenic effect: toxoplasmosis, alcohol fetal syndrome, ingestion of some medicines

84
Q

An exogenous toxin that can be spread is through infection/microbes. What is an example of a microbe that can be spread through lack of food sanitary percussions?

A

Gram negative rods - great way to get jaundice and hep A

85
Q

Job of antibiotics

Why are they considered bad?

A

Job of antibiotics are to prevent growth and function of bacteria
They are bad because this means that they can destroy normal and good bacteria in your body as well

86
Q

Accumulating homogentisic acid causes damage to cartilage - mostly seen in the IVD- this is called?

A

ochronosis

87
Q

AKA for ochronosis - why?

common symptom

A

secondary osteoarthritis - because its favorite tissue is cartilage
common cold, some with pneumonia, bronchitis

88
Q

Those with PKU must avoid what?

A

Food high in phenylalanine - food with protein in it (meat, dairy products, dry beans, nuts, eggs - cereals, fruits and retables in moderation)

89
Q

Effects of PKU

A

mental retardation, convulsions, behavior problems, skin rash, musty body odor

90
Q

Purine end product after being metabolized

A

Uric acid

91
Q

Gout is caused by

A

Too many purines, kidneys can’t get rid of uric acid. Gout is caused by a build up of uric acid salts in the tissue

92
Q

What is the most painful arthritis in human pathology?

A

Gouty Arthritis

93
Q

Normally where does Gouty Arthritis accumulate?

A

Can go anywhere but most commonly found in the first metatarsal joint

94
Q

Tophus

A

Deposition of uric salts into the tissue

95
Q

Where is typhus normally found?

Which is the most harmful for it to show up in?

A

surface of the proximal forearm - olecranon bursa, ears and kidneys - kidneys being the most harmful

96
Q

If you have gout you should avoid eating…

A

fried fatty food and alcohol

97
Q

What finding could strongly suggest that you have gout?

A

Tophi of the ear

98
Q

Ways a cell can be injured via trauma

A 
Direct trauma
hypothermia (frostbite) 
Hyperthermia (fire or ionizing radiation) 
Electric Current 
mechanical pressure
99
Q

Explain frostbite

A

The cytoplasm of the cells freeze - kills the cell

100
Q

What is Mechanical Pressure

Examples of Cell Injury caused by trauma via MECHANICAL pressure

A

Cells are crushed as they cannot resist the pressure

Tumor
Stones: gallbladder, kidney stones = space occupying = increased hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys
Aneurysm
High Intensity Sound: can result in permanent hearing loss - kill nerve endings
Microorgansims

101
Q

Aneurysm

A

Pouching of the vascular wall

may be due to congenital weak mm. layers of arteries

102
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke means the vessel _____

A

Ruptured

103
Q

Common sites for aneurysm

A

cerebral arteries near bifurcations

104
Q

What microorganism can cause trauma to a cell via what type of mosquitoes? How does this work? Any symptoms?

A

Malaria plasmodium
Anopheles mosquitoes
rupture of red blood cell - hemolytic anemia -> red blood cells continue to rupture
Terrible fever

105
Q

Define Hemolytic Anemia

A

Rupture of red blood cell

106
Q

Echinococcus Cyst

  • etiology
  • where does it go in body
A 
Cyst develop and destroy human tissue
Worm
Can be found in meat that was not cooked well 
Balloon shaped parasite body 
Brain, liver, kidney
107
Q

Idiopathic ankylosis spondylitis has what type of pain? Can you adjust this?

A

Severe Back pain. You CANNOT adjust

108
Q

What are the categories of etiology?

A

Genetic, congenital, Acquired

109
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome is manifested from RA and SLE but does not experience….

A

Joint pain

110
Q

Importance of B12

A

Needed for normal RBC production in bone marrow and normal never cell metabolism

111
Q

Hyperuricemia

A

excess of uric acid in the blood.

112
Q

Hyperuricemia is most commonly associated with

A

GOUT

113
Q

Hemorrhages like battle sign or raccoon eye are examples of what type of trauma?

A

Direct Contact

114
Q

During Hyperthermia - what happens? what temperature must this be at?

A

Temperatures >42 degrees C

Protein coagulation occurs, transformation to carbon

115
Q

A rise in hydrostatic pressure…

A

compression of the kidney tissues —> loss of function

116
Q

Hydrophic changes AKAs

A

Cloudy swelling aka hydrophic degeneration

117
Q

Ini nephrone tubule cells - NA+ is present and normally can move into the cell easily and ATP helps remove the NA+ what happens if the cell damage injures the “Mitochondria”

A

No more ATP, Na+ can’t leave the cell, increase in Na+ —-> leads to an increase in osmotic pressure in side the cell so water moves into the cell to balance the concentration and the cell then distends - as the tubule cell swells the size of the lumen decreases. Thus, decreases the size by 2, fluid amount that can flow through it is decreased by a power of 4

118
Q

As the tubule cell swells the size of the lumen decreases/increases?

A

Decreases

119
Q

If there are hydrophic changes in the lumen of the nephron - the amount of fluid that is able to leave the neprhone is decreased by

A

a power of 4

120
Q

If the nephron of the tubule experiences hydrophic changes this will lead to (4)

A
  • reduced function of the kidney -> kidney failure
  • decrease rate of the urine forming because fluid can’t get through the tubule
  • Increased urine in the Bowman’s capsule
  • Cant filter blood - toxins remain in the body
121
Q

Examples of reversible changes

A

Hydrophic changes, fatty changes

122
Q

AKA for fatty changes

A

Steatosis

123
Q

Explain Fatty changes
Common sites they are found
Develops in what cases?

A 
Accumulate of fat (fatty acids) with in the cells
Common sites include: liver, kidneys, heart
Developed in case of:
Protein malnutrition
Intoxication (alcohol)
Cardiac anorexia (hypoxia) lack of O2
obesity
diabetes mellitus
124
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

Produce lipoproteins from free FAs and AA

125
Q

An alcoholic causes what problems on hepatocytes

A

Cells become intoxicated by alcohol - Lipoproteins are unable to be produced so there is an accumulation of free fatty acids in the cell result - The hepatocytes distend - these apply pressure on adjacent cells and leads to scar tissue due to long term compression which eventually leads to tissue atrophy –> liver failure

126
Q

Fatty change of the kidney aka

A

liver steatosis aka fatty liver

Path 1 (12 decks)

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