Past qs 2018/19

Question 1

Sentences on Lead

1. What organ it accumulates in with what ion deficiency
2. It inhibits…synthesis and the level of ALA…but in dogs it stays the same

Answer 1

1. What organ it accumulates in with what ion deficiency
   - Accumulates in bones
   - Deficient Mg-Fe
2. It inhibits…synthesis and the level of ALA…but in dogs it stays the same
   - Inhibits heme synthesis
   - ALA increases (gets accumulated)

Question 2

Sentences on fluoride

• Organs and tissues it accumulates in: ?
• An ion that reduces its absorption ?
• What form is it in the blood? ?
• It’s excreted in the …. in ….. form

Answer 2

• Organs and tissues it accumulates in BONE, TEETH, (HAIR, SOFT TISSUE)
• An ion that reduces its absorption CA2+ COMPOUNDS
• What form is it in the blood? CaF2
• It’s excreted in the …. in ….. form IN KIDNEY (ionised form) WITH CA2+

Question 3

Match the plant to its toxin (6)

• Deadly nightshade
• Bitter almond
• Autumn crocus
• Monkshood
• Lilly of the valley

Answer 3

-Deadly nightshade TROPANE ALKALOID: ATROPINE, SCOPOLAMINE, HYOSCIAMINE
-Bitter almond CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDE, cyanide
-Autumn crocus COLCHICINE
-Monkshood ACONITINE
-Lilly of the valley Convallatoxin, saponine (SAPONINE, VOLATILE OIL, CARDIOACTIVE GLYCOSIDE: CONVALLATOXIN, CONVALLOSIDE CONVALLAMAROZIDE, CONVALLARIN
CONVALLAMARIN)

Question 4

New questions:

• What is the most toxic plant part: see plant list!
• What does CO bind to?
• What is not toxic in ethylene glycol poisoning:
• What is not used for nitrite poisoning?
• Most sensitive to atropine?

Answer 4

• What is the most toxic plant part: see plant list!
• What does CO bind to? CO-Hb
• What is not toxic in ethylene glycol poisoning: ethylene glycol
• What is not used for nitrite poisoning? Acetylcystein
• Most sensitive to atropine? cat?

Question 5

Ethylene glycol toxicosis; antidote with time, concentration and dosage

Answer 5

• Ethanol (20%) 5ml/kg IV every 4-6h

- Fomepizole: 20 mg/kg

Question 6

Other name for Fomepizole, primary lesion organ, and changes of it, the enzymes and acids

Answer 6

Other name: 4-methyl-pirazole, Antizol
Specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase ethanol
Primary lesions: Nervous system, CV, kidneys
Acidic metabolites: mainly glycolic acid

Question 7

What happens in anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning? (Negative marking)

Answer 7

Anaemia, prehep. icterus, hematomas, epistaxis and hemoperitoneum

Question 8

Dithiocarbamate mechanism

Answer 8

• Alcohol-dehydrogenase, AchE inhibition metabolic effects
• Disturb endogenous NA synthesis tachycardia, hypotension
• Acetaldehyde intoxication
• Inhibition coversion of inorganic iodine to organic goiter
• Reproductive problems (testis atrophy)
• Mutagenic, teratogenic, embriotoxic
• Local irritative effect (skin, mucosa)
• Peripheral demyelination
• Degeneration (skeletal muscle/heart)

Question 9

Pralidoxime uses

Answer 9

Organophosphate antidote

Question 10

Where … act:

• Satratoxin
• Penitrem
• Phomopsin
• Zearalenon
• Ochratoxin
• Aflatoxin
• Fumonisin
• T-2 toxin

Answer 10

• Satratoxin - GIT
• Penitrem - Nervous system
• Phomopsin - Liver
• Zearalenon - Genitals
• Ochratoxin - Kidneys
• Aflatoxin - Liver
• Fumonisin - Nervous system
• T-2 toxin - GIT

Question 11

Blue star

• Poisonous component: ?
• Poisonous part: ?
• CS: ?
• Treatment: ?

Answer 11

• Poisonous component: Indole alkalois (LSD) + glycosides (GI)
• Poisonous part: Seed
• CS: hallucinogenic (behavioral aberrations), GI signs, hypotension
• Treatment:
  
  • GI decontamintion: emesis/gastric lavage, activated charcoal
  • Seizures: Diazepam, Barbiturates

Question 12

Animal most susceptible to Fumonisin

Answer 12

Swine, horse

Question 13

Types of blood problems: give poison, colour and treatment

1. MethHb
2. Inhibition of cytochrome oxydase
3. CO-Hb
4. Displacing oxygen

Answer 13

1. MethHb: Nitrate/nitrite - Chocolate brown - Methylene blue
2. Inhibition of cytochrome oxydase: Cyanide - Cherry Red - Nitrite + thiosulphate
3. CO-Hb: CO - Cherry red - Fresh air, O2 5%CO2
4. Displacing oxygen: CO2 - Dark (blue) - Oxygen, Fresh air

Question 14

Copper toxicosis (species/where it accumulates/toxic dose/where it goes/treatment w. dose/symptoms)

Answer 14

• Species: sheep, cattle, swine
• Accumulation in liver
• Treatment: antidotes
• Toxic dose?
  
  • D-penicillamine: 20 mg/kg po, for 6 days
  • CaNa2-EDTA: 20-50 mg/kg iv
• CS: GI – salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea (greenish tinges); collapse, covulsions, paralysis, death (1-2 days)

Question 15

Aspirin/Muscarine/Theobromine – 3 different sentences, had to give if urine was acidic/alkaline then what you give

Answer 15

• NSAIDs: Alkalyzing urine: NaHCO3
• Teobromine: Acidify urine: vitamin C
• Muscarine?

Question 16

Underline 5 molecules with hyperthermia (negative marking)

Answer 16

Organochlorines
Nitrophenols/chlorophenols
Metaldehyde
Xanthine derivatives

Question 17

Match the sentences: Hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia,
sulfur dioxide, chlorine gas
-Which are produced in silage making?
-Which causes acid prodution on mucosa?
-Which is heavier than air?
-Which has a characterisitic smell?
-Which is produced in fertilisation of plants?

Answer 17

• Which are produced in silage making? - Nitrogen dioxide
• Which causes acid prodution on mucosa? - Hydrogen sulphide
• Which is heavier than air?
  
  • Hydrogen sulphide
  • Sulphur dioxide
  • Chlorine
• Which has a characterisitic smell?
  
  • Hydrogen sulphide (rotten egg)
  • Nitrogen dioxide (bleach-like)
  • Ammonia (sharp)
  • Sulphur dioxide (sharp)
  • Chlorine (bleach like)
• Which is produced in fertilisation of plants?
  
  • Hydrogen sulphide
  • Sulfur dioxide

Question 18

Underline 5 that are likely to cause convulsions

• OP, Carbamates
• Nitrophenols, Chlorophenols
• Metaldehyde
• NItrates, nitrites
• Ethylene glycol
• Zinc phosphide
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Crimidine
• Corrosives and irritants

Answer 18

?

Question 19

What effect dose bee/wasp venom have on horse?

Answer 19

• Local: pain, swollen/edematous/erythematous plaques; orofacial area swelling, dyspnoe
• Systemic (multiple stings): numerous urticarial weals, excitement/frenzym tachycardia, diarrhea,
  hemoglobinuria, icterus, prostration

Question 20

What is stored in horn?

Answer 20

• Fluoride, copper, lead etc

Question 21

When are emetics contraindicated? Acids and alkalis and in which animal (horse wasn’t an option)

Answer 21

• Rodents

Question 22

What is glycoside?

Answer 22

• Digitalis
• Convalaria majalis
• Nerium oleander

Question 23

Buckwheat poisoning effects

Answer 23

• Diarrhea, CNS stimulation (excitement, hypermotility), generalized convulsions, paralysis, increased body temperature

Question 24

What can accumulate in bones?

Answer 24

• Lead, copper etc

Question 25

If the LD50 of a rat is 20 mg/kg, is it toxic, highly toxic, mod toxic etc?

Answer 25

• Highly toxic 5 - 50, moderately toxic 50 - 300

Question 26

Endosulphan accumulates in tissues?

Answer 26

• Accumulate in fat

Question 27

The LD50 of a substance is 1.9 mg/kg and after 90 days it is 1.6 mg/kg, what can you say about it’s accumulation and excretion?

Answer 27

RELATIVELY NONCUMULATIVE
(> 2 - relative cumulative
< 2 - relative noncumulative)

Question 28

What can be said about the accumulation properties of a substance if acute LD50 value is 1.6 MG/KG, and 90 day continuous LD50 value is 1.2 MG/KG?

Answer 28

RELATIVELY NONCUMULATIVE
(> 2 - relative cumulative
< 2 - relative noncumulative)