Hungarians paper dec 2019

Question 1

Which is most toxic?

Answer 1

aflatoxin B1 / B2

Question 2

Toxins with enterohepatic circulation

Answer 2

• Ochratoxin
• Zearalenone
• Fumonisin

Question 3

Which mycotoxin has an antidote, and what is the dose for treatment?

Answer 3

Ergot alkaloids: Dopamine (Domperidone) 1,1 mg/kg PO, SID

Question 4

Ochratoxin toxicokinetics

Answer 4

= Normal gut flora

• Extensive albumin binding in plasma
• Kidney disease, accumulation

Question 5

Grouping of gases

Answer 5

H2S > NO2 > SO2 > Cl2 > CO > CO2

Question 6

Ethylene glycol antidotes

Answer 6

-Ethanol 20% (Saletanol inf., 5ml/kg IV every 4-6 hour)
-Fomepizole (20mg/kg IV): not effective in cats, not together with ethanol!
• Specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 7

(TABLE) 
Fill in weight, odour, color, symptoms
1. Ammonia
2. CO2
3. CO
4. H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide
5. SO2 - Sulphur dioxide
6. NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide
7. Chlorine
8. Methane

Answer 7

1. Ammonia: lighter than air, sharp odour, Ø colour, irritation and asphyxia
2. CO2: heavier, Ø odour, Ø colour, trouble breathing, drowsiness, asphyxia
3. CO: lighter, Ø odour, Ø colour, drowsiness, asphyxia
4. H2S: heavier, rotten egg odour, Ø colour, irritation, drowsiness, nausea, coma, death
5. SO2: heavier, sharp odour, Ø colour, irritation, inhibiton of breathing, spasm, asphyxia
6. NO2: heavier, Ø odour, brownish colour, irritation, shortness of breath, fever, asphyxia, death
7. Chlorine: heavier, Ø odour, green-yellow colour, irritation, inhib. of breathing, spasm, asphyxia
8. Methane: lighter, Ø odour, Ø colour, asphyxia at higher conc. / explosion

Question 8

(TABLE) 
Fill in toxin and moulds
1. Non macrocyclic trichotecenes
2. Macrocylic trichotecenes
3. Others

Answer 8

1. Non macrocyclic trichotecenes
   - Toxin: T-2, H-2, Deoxynivalenol - DON, nivalenol, DAS - diacetoxyscirpenal
   - Moulds: Fusarium sporotrichoides, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. nivale, +other
2. Macrocylic trichotecenes:
   - Toxin: Satratoxin, roridin, verrucarin
   - Moulds:
   * Stachybotrys atra
   * Myrothecium verrucaria, M. roridum
3. Others
   - Toxin: Zearalenone, zeranol
   - Moulds: F. graminearum
   - Toxin: Fumonisin B1 B2
   - Moulds: F. vetricillioides, F. proliferatum