Past Papers Flashcards
raccoon eyes?
extracerebral - basal skull fracture
Cohort
choose people and follow them over time, and compare them with control group over time.
Case control
retrospective look back on patients chosen with a certain result
cross sectional study
no controls - single point observation on a group of people.
quaternary prevention
actions which diminish the affects of healthcare on a person - protecting them from overmedicalisation
Syphilis diagnosis
Swab chancre - dark ground microscopy for treponema
no chancre - cardiolipin antibodies (also in SLE) or treponeme specific antibodies
Action of renal drugs on which part of the kidney: Loop diuretics Thiazides Aldosterone antag. ACEi/ARB carbonic anhydrase i
loop - NA-K-CL Ascending loop
Thiazide - DCT (proximal part)
Aldosterone - CCT
dorzolamide - PCT
Penicillamine
Wilsons disease - binds copper and leaves in urine
can cause a glomerular pathology - nephrotic normally?
brinzolamide
used in glaucoma - carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - reduces aqueous humor formation by interfereing with na pump
Which are the main drugs which reactivate latent TB
anti tnf alpha e.g CAGI certolizumab adalimumab golimumab inflixamab ebatercept
Reidels thyroiditis
Presents in a similar way to anaplastic cancer
rapidly enlarging goitre exhibiting mass effects
hard fixed mass associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis
beri beri
thiamine B1 - dry and wet types - dry - neuro periph and wet - cardiovascular and SOB, swelling
What is reflux nephropathy?
small scarred kidneys, or general kidney damage can be the result of vesicoureteric reflux.
Complications of DKA treatment?
Hyper/hypokalaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Cerbral odema
Pulmonary odema
Management of acute hypoglycaemia?
If they are awake - intravenous glucose - encouarge eating and drinking of sugary foods try to give 10-20g - 20% glucose in 20 minutes.
if they are inconcious IM glucagon
Machinery murmur
continuous throughout - PDA - loudest at
if only in systole - think VSD
Hospital aquired pneumonias
tazocin or Cipro(if pen allergic) as has pseudomonal cover
When do you use doxy in pneumonia?
it is a tetracycline - se in atypicals - often with COPD CAP.
Which antibiotic class show penicillin allergy cross reactivity?
cephalosporins
erectile dysfunction drugs mechanism?
PDE 5 inhibitors - end in fil
sildefanil
tidalafil
cyproterone acetate?
anti androgen? used in gender reassignment? early puberty and gender reassignment.
what type of dysphagia does Systemic sclerosis cause?
LES relaxes unlike achalasia - dysmot = liquids and solids?
Dysphagia to solids vs liquids?
if the problem affects motility then they will have solids and liquid problems
if the lesion only affects the lumen and causes it to narrow then these will only present with dysphagia to solids.
intermittent? more likely to be structural and depends of the size of the bolus?
Breast Ca national screening?
`All women over 50 get 3 yearly mammogram
Colon cancer national screening?
men and women over 60-74 every 2 years
PSA testting
anyone over 50 can have it checked by GP if they ask
First line treatment for acute goiut?
NSAIDS - naproxen.
only colchicine when contraindicated
First line OA?
paracetamol
chronic panc mx
analgesia
creon
DM mx
ADEK - fat solubvle
pancreatectomy - if loss of weight or awful pain.
no alcohol - reduce fatty food
hyperkalaemia >6.5 or ECG changes
calcium gluconate (chloride in haemodynamic compromise) - repeat every 5 mins
Measure BM
10u insulin with 20% glucose
salbutamol nebs
TCA overdose
Patients get tachy and low bp because TCA stimulate alpha 1 recepter so there is vasodilation. - orthostatic hypotension
diagnostic investigation for a kidney stone?
non contrast ct - KUB
big risk emergency of cataract surgery?
infective endopthalmitis - intra vitreal antibiotics
symptoms of complete heart block?
syncope
brady regular
life threatening
associated with inferior MI
Malignant htn mx
labetalol
GTN in heart things
nitroprusside used too
Causes of drug induced lupus
procainemide
hydralazine
isoniazid
phenytoin
minocycline
first line for trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
First line seizure meds?
valproate for all general, absence
lamotrigine for focal
What causes pseudogout
calcium pyrophosphate crystals
chondrocalcinosis
What is the management for osteoporosis?
bisphosphonates
calcium
vit D
causes of diabetes insipidus?
lithium
hypercalcaemia
cranial - head inj, infection eg sarcoid HIv
testicular pain differentials?
epididimo orchitis - discharge, pain relieved by elevation of the testis slower onset
torsion - sudden onset not relieved by elevation severe.
rosacea
Papules and pustules red flushing telangectasia may include blepharitis - eye involvememnt - no conjuctival involvement
can cause rhinophyma - disfigurement of the nose
keratotic plugs
seb k
keratotic plugs
seb k
azospermia drugs?
sulfasalazine? also causes suppression of BM
colour order of raynauds
WBC
white blue crimson
Causes of erythema nodosum
Infection - strep, tb
inflam - IBD sarcoid
malignancy
drugs - pen/sulphon
Management of dyspepsia
urgent - anyone with dysphagia or abdo mass
over 55 with weight loss
non urg
haematemesis
anaemia
Management of dyspepsia
urgent - anyone with dysphagia or abdo mass
over 55 with weight loss
non urg
haematemesis
over55 with :
anaemia
low plt
treatmnt resistant
osteomalacia
pain where fractures have occured due to softening
spine has lots of loading
common in those on anticonvulsant therapy
