Past Papers Flashcards
raccoon eyes?
extracerebral - basal skull fracture
Cohort
choose people and follow them over time, and compare them with control group over time.
Case control
retrospective look back on patients chosen with a certain result
cross sectional study
no controls - single point observation on a group of people.
quaternary prevention
actions which diminish the affects of healthcare on a person - protecting them from overmedicalisation
Syphilis diagnosis
Swab chancre - dark ground microscopy for treponema
no chancre - cardiolipin antibodies (also in SLE) or treponeme specific antibodies
Action of renal drugs on which part of the kidney: Loop diuretics Thiazides Aldosterone antag. ACEi/ARB carbonic anhydrase i
loop - NA-K-CL Ascending loop
Thiazide - DCT (proximal part)
Aldosterone - CCT
dorzolamide - PCT
Penicillamine
Wilsons disease - binds copper and leaves in urine
can cause a glomerular pathology - nephrotic normally?
brinzolamide
used in glaucoma - carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - reduces aqueous humor formation by interfereing with na pump
Which are the main drugs which reactivate latent TB
anti tnf alpha e.g CAGI certolizumab adalimumab golimumab inflixamab ebatercept
Reidels thyroiditis
Presents in a similar way to anaplastic cancer
rapidly enlarging goitre exhibiting mass effects
hard fixed mass associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis
beri beri
thiamine B1 - dry and wet types - dry - neuro periph and wet - cardiovascular and SOB, swelling
What is reflux nephropathy?
small scarred kidneys, or general kidney damage can be the result of vesicoureteric reflux.
Complications of DKA treatment?
Hyper/hypokalaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Cerbral odema
Pulmonary odema
Management of acute hypoglycaemia?
If they are awake - intravenous glucose - encouarge eating and drinking of sugary foods try to give 10-20g - 20% glucose in 20 minutes.
if they are inconcious IM glucagon
Machinery murmur
continuous throughout - PDA - loudest at
if only in systole - think VSD
Hospital aquired pneumonias
tazocin or Cipro(if pen allergic) as has pseudomonal cover
When do you use doxy in pneumonia?
it is a tetracycline - se in atypicals - often with COPD CAP.
Which antibiotic class show penicillin allergy cross reactivity?
cephalosporins
erectile dysfunction drugs mechanism?
PDE 5 inhibitors - end in fil
sildefanil
tidalafil
cyproterone acetate?
anti androgen? used in gender reassignment? early puberty and gender reassignment.
what type of dysphagia does Systemic sclerosis cause?
LES relaxes unlike achalasia - dysmot = liquids and solids?
Dysphagia to solids vs liquids?
if the problem affects motility then they will have solids and liquid problems
if the lesion only affects the lumen and causes it to narrow then these will only present with dysphagia to solids.
intermittent? more likely to be structural and depends of the size of the bolus?
Breast Ca national screening?
`All women over 50 get 3 yearly mammogram
