PAST PAPERS Flashcards
define herd immunity threshold?
The herd immunity threshold is the density of resistant hosts in the population required to
prevent an epidemic
How do SDS-PAGE separates proteins by
Size
Why is serum used in cell cultures for neurons
To provide growth factors
State one way to stop harming animals can be used
Refinement, reduced,
Name a benefit of en vivo type of trials
Allows effect of drug/thing on organism to be observed
State the effect a NaKATPase pump do
Generate ion gradient for resorting membrane potential for neurons
Name the process by which response within the cell is triggered by binding ADH to its cell surface receptor
Signal transduction
Name the type of cell which undergoes meiosis
Gamete mother cell
Name the process that ensures haploid gametes produced by meiosis contain a mixture of chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin
Independent assortment
What is a representative sample
Sample which has the same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean
Which pair of cells are fused together to produce monoclonal antibodies
B lymphocyte and myeloma
What is a species specific stimuli
Species sign stimulus within the same species of showing courtship behaviour by males to females
En vivo observations are made in what
A living organism
Why are rod cells more sensitive than cone cells at low light intensities
Higher degree of amplification
Name an additional wavelength range that most birds have
UV
Describe the mechanism of signalling molecules cause effect within target cell
Diffused through membrane and binds to specific receptors to turn of transcription
Why may a steroid hormone have different effects in different tissues
Different genes are switched on or off
How is protein electrophoresis is sided to separate proteins
Apply charge/current and it’s used to separate proteins on basis of charge/shape/mass
Explain how an antibody would detect the presence of its (body) enzyme
Antibody labelled
Colour change detected if antibody was bound to Body/enzyme
Describe how genetic control determines the phenotype of maleness in mammals
The presence of a Y chromosome
Describe how an environmental factor can influence sex ratio of offspring
Temperature of incubation
When females inherit a deleterious allele on one of their X chromosomes they are less likely to be affected by its effect. Explain this?
X chromosome inactivation is random
Only half of the cells in any tissue will have a working copy of the gene