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PAST PAPERS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define herd immunity threshold?

A

The herd immunity threshold is the density of resistant hosts in the population required to
prevent an epidemic

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2
Q

How do SDS-PAGE separates proteins by

A

Size

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3
Q

Why is serum used in cell cultures for neurons

A

To provide growth factors

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4
Q

State one way to stop harming animals can be used

A

Refinement, reduced,

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5
Q

Name a benefit of en vivo type of trials

A

Allows effect of drug/thing on organism to be observed

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6
Q

State the effect a NaKATPase pump do

A

Generate ion gradient for resorting membrane potential for neurons

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7
Q

Name the process by which response within the cell is triggered by binding ADH to its cell surface receptor

A

Signal transduction

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8
Q

Name the type of cell which undergoes meiosis

A

Gamete mother cell

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9
Q

Name the process that ensures haploid gametes produced by meiosis contain a mixture of chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin

A

Independent assortment

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10
Q

What is a representative sample

A

Sample which has the same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean

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11
Q

Which pair of cells are fused together to produce monoclonal antibodies

A

B lymphocyte and myeloma

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12
Q

What is a species specific stimuli

A

Species sign stimulus within the same species of showing courtship behaviour by males to females

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13
Q

En vivo observations are made in what

A

A living organism

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14
Q

Why are rod cells more sensitive than cone cells at low light intensities

A

Higher degree of amplification

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15
Q

Name an additional wavelength range that most birds have

A

UV

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16
Q

Describe the mechanism of signalling molecules cause effect within target cell

A

Diffused through membrane and binds to specific receptors to turn of transcription

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17
Q

Why may a steroid hormone have different effects in different tissues

A

Different genes are switched on or off

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18
Q

How is protein electrophoresis is sided to separate proteins

A

Apply charge/current and it’s used to separate proteins on basis of charge/shape/mass

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19
Q

Explain how an antibody would detect the presence of its (body) enzyme

A

Antibody labelled
Colour change detected if antibody was bound to Body/enzyme

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20
Q

Describe how genetic control determines the phenotype of maleness in mammals

A

The presence of a Y chromosome

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21
Q

Describe how an environmental factor can influence sex ratio of offspring

A

Temperature of incubation

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22
Q

When females inherit a deleterious allele on one of their X chromosomes they are less likely to be affected by its effect. Explain this?

A

X chromosome inactivation is random
Only half of the cells in any tissue will have a working copy of the gene

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23
Q

If females have more than a male gene products, what can it lead to?

A

Double dosage of gene products

24
Q

Name some environmental factors for sex and sex ratio

A

Temperature, size, competition, parasitic infection

25
Q

What are primary cell lines

A

A limited number of cell divisions and are sourced directly from normal animal tissue

26
Q

A decrease in activity of glucose symport proteins in the cells lining the small intestine could be caused by an increase in what?

A

Sodium ion concentrations

27
Q

What does the term monoclonal mean

A

Produced by a cell line

28
Q

What substance is added to when B lymphocytes and hybridomas are fused

A

PEG

29
Q

Describe role of bacteriorhopsin in archea

A

Absorbs light to pump protons

To generate ion gradient

30
Q

What makes different animals see different wavelengths of light

A

Different forms of opsin

31
Q

What is latency

A

Time between stimulus and response

32
Q

What is frequency

A

How often a behaviour occurs

33
Q

What is duration

A

How long a behaviour lasts

34
Q

What should you avoid when testing an animals behaviour

A

Anthropomorphism

35
Q

Suggest why a new vaccine needs to be developed annually

A

Loss of memory cells each yr
Change of surface proteins
New antigens contain new antibodies

36
Q

What is meant by a hermaphrodite

A

When a organism has both male and female organs

37
Q

A male dies and a female will undergo a period of growth and will change sex. State another cause of sex change in organisms

A

Competition or parasitic infection

38
Q

Suggest an advantage of greater sized males/sex changed females

A

Male male rivalry/greater protection for females/ getting larger territories

39
Q

Make notes under transduction and hydrophilic signalling molecules

A

Neurotransmitters
Peptide hormones
Receptors are transmembrane proteins
Binding at plasma membrane
Binding receptor makes a conformational change
Bringing about a response to cell

40
Q

Write notes under diabetes and insulin

A

Bing of insulin to its receptor triggers glut4 recruitment
Fat and muscle cells
Type 2 with obesity
Exercise increases glut 4 recruitment

41
Q

How are cyclin-dependent kinases produced

A

As the cell size increases during G1, cyclin proteins accumulate and combine with regulatory proteins

42
Q

What do Active CDKs cause

A

Phosphorylation of target proteins which stimulates the cell cycle

43
Q

In the G1 phase if a threshold phosphorylation is met what can occur?

A

The cell cycle can move to next stage (S)

44
Q

In the G1 stage, if insufficient threshold of phosphorylation is reached what can occur

A

Cell is stopped at checkpoint
Go into G0 rest state

45
Q

What is the retinoblastoma protein

A

It’s a transcription factor inhibitor

46
Q

The transcription factors of the Rb proton is required for what and in which phase

A

DNA replication and in S phase

47
Q

When binding the Rb to the transcription factor what is inhibited

A

The transcription genes to enter S phase

48
Q

What is the p53 protein

A

Transcription factor that stimulates DNA repair, arrest the cell, or trigger cell death

49
Q

If DNA damage occurs what can the p53 gene do?

A

Stimulates DNA repair and cell arrest

50
Q

If the damaged DNA can not be repaired what can the p53 protein do?

A

Stimulate cell death by apoptosis

51
Q

Describe how Caspase works

A

Break down proteins

52
Q

What enzyme is used for breaking up ATP

A

ATPase

53
Q

Which phase in cell is the Retinoblastoma phosphorylated to all the cell to go onto the next stage

A

G1

54
Q

In Symport, is sodium high or low outside of the cell

A

High

55
Q

In symport, is glucose high or low outside of the cell

A

Low

56
Q

Which of the following is a non-specific immune response to a parasite?
A apoptosis induced by tea lymphocytes
B presentation of antigens by phagocytes
C apoptosis induced by natural killer cells
D production of antibody by B lymphocyte clone

A

C

57
Q

What’s the location of insulin binding site and mechanism of signal

A

Extracellular
Phosphorylation

Advanced Higher Biology (17 decks)

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