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Advanced Higher Biology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the plasma membrane do

A

It surrounds the cell and controls entry and exit of materials

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2
Q

What describes the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Fluid mosaic

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3
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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4
Q

The head of the phospholipid is charged, which word describes it

A

Hydrophilic

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5
Q

The tail of the phospholipid is uncharged and non polar, which word describes it?

A

Hydrophobic

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6
Q

What word describes the constant change of position of the plasma membrane?

A

Fluid

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7
Q

How are the phospholipids arranged?

A

Bilayer

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8
Q

What type of functions are proteins used are for in the membrane

A

Active transport
Channel forming
Enzymes
Receptors
Attachment for cytoskeleton

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9
Q

What two types of proteins are found in the plasma membrane

A

Peripheral and integral

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10
Q

Where are integral proteins are found

A

Within the membrane

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11
Q

What type of integral proteins span the entire width of the membrane

A

Transmembrane

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12
Q

What do integral membrane proteins interact with

A

Hydrophobic region of phospholipids

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13
Q

What holds the integral membrane proteins within the phospholipid bilayer?
WDL

A

Hydrophobic R groups allow strong hydrophobic interactions

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14
Q

Where are peripheral proteins found

A

On the surface of the membrane

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15
Q

What type of R groups do peripheral proteins have on the surface

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

What type of bond interactions do the hydrophilic R groups on the surface are bound to the surface of membranes

A

Ionic and hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What two small molecules have the ability to diffuse straight through the membrane

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen

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18
Q

What type of transport is facilitated diffusion

A

Passive

19
Q

Facilitated diffusion is passive transport of substances and across the membrane through what type of proteins?

A

Transmembrane

20
Q

What types of proteins are involved in transporting substances

A

Channel
Transporter
Pumps

21
Q

What are channel proteins

A

Multi-subunit proteins to make waterfilled pores that extend across the membrane and are selective

22
Q

How are ligand gated channels controlled

A

Binding of signal molecules

23
Q

How are voltage gated channels controlled

A

Changes within the ion concentration

24
Q

What are transporter proteins

A

They bind to a specific substance and has a conformational change to transfer solute across membrane (transport)

25
Q

How many sides are open for a transporter

A

1 out of 2

26
Q

What type of proteins are used by active transport

A

Pumps

27
Q

Why use pump proteins to transfer substances in active transport

A

So They can transport against their concentration gradient

28
Q

What are pumps

A

Transporter proteins with energy

29
Q

What is required for active transport to take place

A

Metabolic energy

30
Q

Why do some active transport proteins hydrolyse ATP directly

A

To provide energy for the conformational change to move substances across membrane

31
Q

What do ATPases hydrolyse

A

ATP

32
Q

What makes up the electrochemical gradient for a solute carrying charge

A

Concentration gradient and electrical potential difference

33
Q

What determines the transport of the solute

A

Electrochemical gradient

34
Q

How is a membrane potential created

A

Difference in electrical charge on two sides of membrane

35
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump get energy? and what is maintained?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP and maintain ion gradients

36
Q

Is sodium pumped in or out

A

Out

37
Q

Is potassium pumped in or out

A

In

38
Q

Explain steps of active transport

A

Pump has high affinity for Na ions in, phosphorylation by ATP, this changes conformation, affinity of Na ions decrease, Na ions release, K ions bind out side, dephosphorylation, conformation change , K ions into cell affinity returns

39
Q

How many sodium ions are pumped out

A

3

40
Q

How many potassium ions are pumped in

A

2

41
Q

What accounts for a large proportion of the basal metabolic rate in many animal organisms

A

SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP

42
Q

What drives the active transport of glucose to in the small intestine

A

Sodium gradient created by the Sodium-potassium pump

43
Q

What did the sodium potassium pump make in the intestinal epithelial cells

A

Sodium ion gradient across the plasma membrane

44
Q

What does the glucose transporter do

A

Glucose symport transports sodium ions and glucose at the same time and in the same direction

Advanced Higher Biology (17 decks)

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