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Advanced Higher Biology > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the proteome

A

Entire set of proteins expressed by the genome

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2
Q

How can more than one protein be produced from a single gene?

A

Alternative RNA splicing

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3
Q

What type of genes that do not code for proteins

A

Noncoding RNA genes

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4
Q

What are Noncoding RNA genes are transcribed to produce?

A

tRNA
rRNA
RNA molecules that control gene expression

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5
Q

Name the factors that affect a set of proteins

A

Diseased
Signalling
Molecules activity
Cellular stress

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6
Q

What type surface area does eukaryotic cells compared to the volume as a result of their size?

A

Relatively small

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7
Q

What endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its cytosolic face?

A

RER

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8
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?

A

SER

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9
Q

Where are lipids synthesised?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Where does the synthesis of all proteins begin?

A

Cytosolic ribosomes

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11
Q

What occurs once the transmembrane proteins carry a signal sequence?

A

Halts translation and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER to RER.

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12
Q

What is the signal sequence?

A

Short amino acid sequence at end of polypeptide which determines the location

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13
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

A series of flattened membrane discs for processing and packaging of proteins.

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14
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Membrane bound organelle. That has hydrolases which digest protein, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

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15
Q

Why is the interior of lysosomes acidic?

A

Optimal function of the enzyme

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16
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Transport materials between membrane compartments. Consist of aq solution in lipid bilayer.

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17
Q

What continues after the protein is docked?

A

Translation

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18
Q

Where is the protein inserted into?

A

Membrane of ER

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19
Q

Once proteins are in the ER how are they transported

A

By vesicles

20
Q

As the proteins bud off the ER, where do they fuse?

A

The Golgi apparatus

21
Q

As proteins move through the Golgi apparatus, what occurs?

A

Post transitional modifications

22
Q

What are post translational modifications?

A

Covalent modifications which are made to proteins after translation.

23
Q

How do molecules move through Golgi discs?

A

by vesicles

24
Q

What is the major post-translational modification?

A

Addition of a carbohydrate

25
Q

When vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus, where are they taken to?

A

Plasma membrane and lysosomes

26
Q

In transport of vesicles, where do they move along?

A

Microtubules

27
Q

A what is a vesicles attached to in the transport of vesicles

A

Motor protein

28
Q

The vesicle with attached motor protein, where does it move?

A

Along the microtubule of the cytoskeleton

29
Q

How does this vesicles move along the microtubule of the cytoskeleton?

A

Uses energy from ATP hydrolysis

30
Q

State the path the protein made at the ribosome on the RER?

A

Ribosome on ER-Golgi apparatus- lysosome- plasma membrane or secretory vesicle

31
Q

Name the path of a secretory protein is made at the ribosome on the RER?

A

Ribosome on ER- Golgi apparatus- secretory vesicles- out

32
Q

Where are secretory proteins are translated

A

In ribosome of RER and enter its lumen

33
Q

What 2 examples of secretory proteins

A

Peptide hormones and digestive enzymes

34
Q

Proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and are packaged into what

A

Secretory vesicles

35
Q

Where does the secretory vesicles move to and fuse with?

A

Plasma membrane

36
Q

What is proteolytic cleavage a part of

A

Post translational modification

37
Q

Digestive enzymes are an example of secretory proteins that need something to be active, what do they need

A

Proteolytic cleavage

38
Q

What determines the protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence

39
Q

Polymers of amino acid monomers are what

A

Proteins

40
Q

Amino acids are linked by which bonds

A

Peptide

41
Q

What do amino acid linked peptide bonds form

A

Polypeptides

42
Q

How do r groups vary

A

Size, shape, hydrogen bonding capacity and chemical reactivity

43
Q

How are amino acids classified according to R groups

A

Basic (+), acidic (-), polar (NH or OH) and hydrophobic (C-CH3)

44
Q

BLUE

A

STICKY NOTES

45
Q

What type of binding is found in the backbone

A

Hydrogen bonding

Advanced Higher Biology (17 decks)

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