1.2 Flashcards
What is the proteome
Entire set of proteins expressed by the genome
How can more than one protein be produced from a single gene?
Alternative RNA splicing
What type of genes that do not code for proteins
Noncoding RNA genes
What are Noncoding RNA genes are transcribed to produce?
tRNA
rRNA
RNA molecules that control gene expression
Name the factors that affect a set of proteins
Diseased
Signalling
Molecules activity
Cellular stress
What type surface area does eukaryotic cells compared to the volume as a result of their size?
Relatively small
What endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its cytosolic face?
RER
Which endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?
SER
Where are lipids synthesised?
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Where does the synthesis of all proteins begin?
Cytosolic ribosomes
What occurs once the transmembrane proteins carry a signal sequence?
Halts translation and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER to RER.
What is the signal sequence?
Short amino acid sequence at end of polypeptide which determines the location
What is the Golgi apparatus?
A series of flattened membrane discs for processing and packaging of proteins.
What is a lysosome?
Membrane bound organelle. That has hydrolases which digest protein, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
Why is the interior of lysosomes acidic?
Optimal function of the enzyme
What are vesicles?
Transport materials between membrane compartments. Consist of aq solution in lipid bilayer.
What continues after the protein is docked?
Translation
Where is the protein inserted into?
Membrane of ER
Once proteins are in the ER how are they transported
By vesicles
As the proteins bud off the ER, where do they fuse?
The Golgi apparatus
As proteins move through the Golgi apparatus, what occurs?
Post transitional modifications
What are post translational modifications?
Covalent modifications which are made to proteins after translation.
How do molecules move through Golgi discs?
by vesicles
What is the major post-translational modification?
Addition of a carbohydrate
When vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus, where are they taken to?
Plasma membrane and lysosomes
In transport of vesicles, where do they move along?
Microtubules
A what is a vesicles attached to in the transport of vesicles
Motor protein
The vesicle with attached motor protein, where does it move?
Along the microtubule of the cytoskeleton
How does this vesicles move along the microtubule of the cytoskeleton?
Uses energy from ATP hydrolysis
State the path the protein made at the ribosome on the RER?
Ribosome on ER-Golgi apparatus- lysosome- plasma membrane or secretory vesicle
Name the path of a secretory protein is made at the ribosome on the RER?
Ribosome on ER- Golgi apparatus- secretory vesicles- out
Where are secretory proteins are translated
In ribosome of RER and enter its lumen
What 2 examples of secretory proteins
Peptide hormones and digestive enzymes
Proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and are packaged into what
Secretory vesicles
Where does the secretory vesicles move to and fuse with?
Plasma membrane
What is proteolytic cleavage a part of
Post translational modification
Digestive enzymes are an example of secretory proteins that need something to be active, what do they need
Proteolytic cleavage
What determines the protein structure
Amino acid sequence
Polymers of amino acid monomers are what
Proteins
Amino acids are linked by which bonds
Peptide
What do amino acid linked peptide bonds form
Polypeptides
How do r groups vary
Size, shape, hydrogen bonding capacity and chemical reactivity
How are amino acids classified according to R groups
Basic (+), acidic (-), polar (NH or OH) and hydrophobic (C-CH3)
BLUE
STICKY NOTES
What type of binding is found in the backbone
Hydrogen bonding
