Passmedicine Mix Flashcards
upper and lower spinal levels of spinal cord?
begins at level of medulla oblongata
terminates at L1/L2
what anchors the spinal cord to the first coccygeal vertebra?
filum terminale
what divides the spinal cord into two hemispheres?
dorsal median sulcus
ventral median fissure
grey/white matter in spinal cord?
grey matter on the outside
white matter in the middle, continuous with the ventricular system in brain
how is the grey matter in the spinal chord organised?
cytoarchitecturally into laminae of rexed
features of temporal lobe seizure?
epigastric rising sensation hallucinations (olfactory, gustatory, auditory) automatisms (lip smacking, grabbing ,plucking) de ja vu/dysphasia
features of frontal lobe seizure?
mainly motor head/leg movements posturing post-ictal weakness jacksonian march
features of parietal lobe seizure?
mainly sensory
paraesthesia
features of occipital lobe seizure?
mainly visual
floaters
flashing lights etc
what does the telencephalon become?
cerebral cortex
lateral ventricles
basal ganglia
what does the deincephalon become?
thalamus
hypothalamus
optic nerve
3rd ventricle
what does the mesencephalon become?
midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
what does the metencephalon become?
pons
cerebellum
superior part of 4th ventricle
what does the myelencephalon become?
medulla
inferior part of 4th ventricle
does wernicke’s encephalopathy cause cerebellar syndrome?
no
alcohol causes it but not wernickes
- wernickes is a thiamine deficiency
features of cerebellar syndrome?
DANISH
- dysdiadokinesia
- ataxia
- nystagmus
- intention tremor
- slurred staccato speech
- hypotonia
what causes chorea?
damage to basal ganglia (especially caudate nucleus)
what passes through the optic canal?
optic nerve
ophthalmic artery
what passes through the superior orbital fissure?
superior and inferior ophthalmic vein CN III CN IV CN V1 CN VI
what passes through foramen rotundum?
CN V2
what passes through foramen ovale?
CN V3
what passes through the jugular foramen?
internal jugular vein
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
effects of anterior cerebral artery stroke?
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss
lower limbs more than upper limbs
effects of middle cerebral artery stroke?
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss
upper limbs more than lower limbs
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
aphasia
effects of a posterior cerebral artery stroke?
contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
visual agnosia
what is webers syndrome?
stroke of branches of posterior cerebral arteries which supply midbrain
causes ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity
what is lateral medullary syndrome?
stroke of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
causes ipsilateral facial pain and temp loss and contralateral limb/torso pain and temp loss
ataxia and nystagmus
what is lateral pontine syndrome?
stroke of anterior inferior cerebellar artery
causes symptoms similar to lateral medullary syndrome but with ipsilateral facial paralysis and deafness
how does a lacunar stroke present?
either isolated hemiparesis, hemisensory loss of hemiparesis with limb ataxia
strong association with hypertension
common sites = basal ganglia, thalamus and internal capsule
at what level does the spinal cord terminate?
around L1
describe the function of A gamma fibres?
transmit fast pain (myelinated)
mainly mechanical pain
function of C fibres?
transmit slow pain
mechanical and thermal pain
which gene is the most likely cause of early onset alzheimers disease in downs syndrome patients?
amyloid precursor protein
located on chromosome 21
lumbar puncture is performed at which vertebral level?
L3/L4
function of A delta fibres?
temp and sharp pain
function of A alpha fibres?
motor function - skeletal muscle
function of A gamma fibres?
proprioception
function of B fibres?
autonomic acitivty
function of C fibres?
slow, dull, diffuse, poorly localised pain
thermal, mechanical and chemical pain
features of a parietal lobe lesion?
sensory inattention apraxia gerstmann's syndrome inferior homonymous quadrantanopia astereognosis
what is gerstmann’s syndrome?
Inability to write (dysgraphia or agraphia)
the loss of the ability to do mathematics (acalculia)
the inability to identify one’s own or another’s fingers (finger agnosia)
inability to make the distinction between left and right
features of occipital lobe lesion?
homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
cortical blindness
visual agnosia
features of temporal lobe lesion?
wernicke’s aphasia (cant comprehend speech)
superior quadrantanopia
auditory agnosia
prosopagnosia (cant recognise faces)
features of frontal lobe lesion?
brocas aphasia (cant produce speech) disinhibition perserveration anosmia inability to generate a list
features of cerebellum lesion?
midline = gait and trunk ataxia hemispheres = nystagmus, dysdiadokinesia, intention tremor, past pointing
