Passmedicine Mix

Question 1

upper and lower spinal levels of spinal cord?

Answer 1

begins at level of medulla oblongata

terminates at L1/L2

Question 2

what anchors the spinal cord to the first coccygeal vertebra?

Answer 2

filum terminale

Question 3

what divides the spinal cord into two hemispheres?

Answer 3

dorsal median sulcus

ventral median fissure

Question 4

grey/white matter in spinal cord?

Answer 4

grey matter on the outside

white matter in the middle, continuous with the ventricular system in brain

Question 5

how is the grey matter in the spinal chord organised?

Answer 5

cytoarchitecturally into laminae of rexed

Question 6

features of temporal lobe seizure?

Answer 6

epigastric rising sensation
hallucinations (olfactory, gustatory, auditory)
automatisms (lip smacking, grabbing
,plucking)
de ja vu/dysphasia

Question 7

features of frontal lobe seizure?

Answer 7

mainly motor
head/leg movements
posturing
post-ictal weakness
jacksonian march

Question 8

features of parietal lobe seizure?

Answer 8

mainly sensory

paraesthesia

Question 9

features of occipital lobe seizure?

Answer 9

mainly visual
floaters
flashing lights etc

Question 10

what does the telencephalon become?

Answer 10

cerebral cortex
lateral ventricles
basal ganglia

Question 11

what does the deincephalon become?

Answer 11

thalamus
hypothalamus
optic nerve
3rd ventricle

Question 12

what does the mesencephalon become?

Answer 12

midbrain

cerebral aqueduct

Question 13

what does the metencephalon become?

Answer 13

pons
cerebellum
superior part of 4th ventricle

Question 14

what does the myelencephalon become?

Answer 14

medulla

inferior part of 4th ventricle

Question 15

does wernicke’s encephalopathy cause cerebellar syndrome?

Answer 15

no
alcohol causes it but not wernickes
- wernickes is a thiamine deficiency

Question 16

features of cerebellar syndrome?

Answer 16

DANISH

• dysdiadokinesia
• ataxia
• nystagmus
• intention tremor
• slurred staccato speech
• hypotonia

Question 17

what causes chorea?

Answer 17

damage to basal ganglia (especially caudate nucleus)

Question 18

what passes through the optic canal?

Answer 18

optic nerve

ophthalmic artery

Question 19

what passes through the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 19

superior and inferior ophthalmic vein
CN III
CN IV
CN V1
CN VI

Question 20

what passes through foramen rotundum?

Answer 20

CN V2

Question 21

what passes through foramen ovale?

Answer 21

CN V3

Question 22

what passes through the jugular foramen?

Answer 22

internal jugular vein
CN IX
CN X
CN XI

Question 23

effects of anterior cerebral artery stroke?

Answer 23

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss

lower limbs more than upper limbs

Question 24

effects of middle cerebral artery stroke?

Answer 24

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss
upper limbs more than lower limbs
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
aphasia

Question 25

effects of a posterior cerebral artery stroke?

Answer 25

contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing | visual agnosia

Question 26

what is webers syndrome?

Answer 26

stroke of branches of posterior cerebral arteries which supply midbrain causes ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity

Question 27

what is lateral medullary syndrome?

Answer 27

stroke of posterior inferior cerebellar artery causes ipsilateral facial pain and temp loss and contralateral limb/torso pain and temp loss ataxia and nystagmus

Question 28

what is lateral pontine syndrome?

Answer 28

stroke of anterior inferior cerebellar artery | causes symptoms similar to lateral medullary syndrome but with ipsilateral facial paralysis and deafness

Question 29

how does a lacunar stroke present?

Answer 29

either isolated hemiparesis, hemisensory loss of hemiparesis with limb ataxia strong association with hypertension common sites = basal ganglia, thalamus and internal capsule

Question 30

at what level does the spinal cord terminate?

Answer 30

around L1

Question 31

describe the function of A gamma fibres?

Answer 31

transmit fast pain (myelinated) | mainly mechanical pain

Question 32

function of C fibres?

Answer 32

transmit slow pain | mechanical and thermal pain

Question 33

which gene is the most likely cause of early onset alzheimers disease in downs syndrome patients?

Answer 33

amyloid precursor protein | located on chromosome 21

Question 34

lumbar puncture is performed at which vertebral level?

Answer 34

L3/L4

Question 35

function of A delta fibres?

Answer 35

temp and sharp pain

Question 36

function of A alpha fibres?

Answer 36

motor function - skeletal muscle

Question 37

function of A gamma fibres?

Answer 37

proprioception

Question 38

function of B fibres?

Answer 38

autonomic acitivty

Question 39

function of C fibres?

Answer 39

slow, dull, diffuse, poorly localised pain | thermal, mechanical and chemical pain

Question 40

features of a parietal lobe lesion?

Answer 40

``` sensory inattention apraxia gerstmann's syndrome inferior homonymous quadrantanopia astereognosis ```

Question 41

what is gerstmann's syndrome?

Answer 41

Inability to write (dysgraphia or agraphia) the loss of the ability to do mathematics (acalculia) the inability to identify one's own or another's fingers (finger agnosia) inability to make the distinction between left and right

Question 42

features of occipital lobe lesion?

Answer 42

homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing cortical blindness visual agnosia

Question 43

features of temporal lobe lesion?

Answer 43

wernicke's aphasia (cant comprehend speech) superior quadrantanopia auditory agnosia prosopagnosia (cant recognise faces)

Question 44

features of frontal lobe lesion?

Answer 44

``` brocas aphasia (cant produce speech) disinhibition perserveration anosmia inability to generate a list ```

Question 45

features of cerebellum lesion?

Answer 45

``` midline = gait and trunk ataxia hemispheres = nystagmus, dysdiadokinesia, intention tremor, past pointing ```