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Neurology > Neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

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2
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves and their branches?

A

31

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3
Q

name the 3 primary vesicles (initial swellings at 4 weeks)

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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4
Q

what to the primary vesicles develop into?

A 
prosencephalon
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
mesencephalon
- mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
occurs at 6-8 weeks
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5
Q

what does the telencephalon become?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

what does the diencephalon become?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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7
Q

what does the mesencephalon become?

A

midbrain

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8
Q

what does the metencephalon become?

A

pons

cerebellum

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9
Q

what does the myencephalon become?

A

medulla oblongata

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10
Q

what are the components of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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11
Q

what is the largest component of the brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

what does the midbrain do?

A

connects larger cerebral hemispheres to everything else

everything (bar a few things) has to pass through it on way into brain

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13
Q

what are neurons?

A

communicators
receive info mainly via synapses
integrate the info then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron or effector cell
most are multipolar with may dendrites and one axon

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14
Q

what is the soma of a neuron?

A

cell body (including nucleus)

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15
Q

how is an axon defined?

A

carries info leaving the cell body

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16
Q

do all neurons have an axon?

A

no

neurons in retina don’t have axons

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17
Q

what are glial cells?

A

greek for “glue”
holds the brain together and gives structural integrity
more numerous than neurons in the CNS

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia cells
ependymal cells

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19
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

type of glial cell
many numerous processes (star-shaped)
involved in support, maintaining blood-brain barrier (induces blood brain barrier in capillaries of the brain to stop things from blood from accessing brain tissue), environmental homeostasis
no connective tissue in the CNS

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20
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin in CNS
(not in PNS)
have numerous branches which extend to wrap cell membrane (made of myelin) around axons of neurons
they have a round nucleus that is moderately stained

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21
Q

what does myelin do?

A

allows electrical impulse to skip between non-myelinated areas of the axons (nodes of ranvier)
hugely increases rate of conduction

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22
Q

what are microglia?

A

cells of similar lineage of macrophages (hemopoietic - from bone marrow)
immune monitoring and antigen presentation, but stay in the CNS and don’t move around the body

23
Q

how do microglia change when activated by an antigen?

A

resting state = elongated nucleus with short, spiny cell processes
activated state = rounder, more like a macrophage

24
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles in the CNS but generally do not form a barrier between the CSF and brain tissue
cilia wave in the CSF

25
Q

fissure vs sulcus?

A

fissure is deeper
lateral fissures
great longitudinal fissure

26
Q

gyrus vs sulcus?

A 
gyrus = outward bumps
sulcus = inward valleys
27
Q

types of tissue in brain?

A

darker outer rind = grey matter (areas of grey matter also found in the core - thalamus etc)
paler inner core = white matter

28
Q

what makes up grey matter?

A

huge number of neurons
where the cell bodies of neurons are found
cell processes, synapses and support cells

29
Q

what make sup white matter?

A

axons and support cells

no nerve cell bodies in the white matter, just the axons projecting from the grey matter

30
Q

grey vs white matter in the spinal cord?

A

grey matter forms “H” in the middle

white matter surrounds the grey matter

31
Q

organisation of spinal cord?

A

anterior (ventral)horns = thicker ends of grey matter
anterior (ventral) colums = thicker columns of white matter
posterior (dorsal) horns = thinner ends of grey matter
posterior (dorsal) columns = thinner colums of white matter
lateral columns

32
Q

important gyri and sulci?

A 
central sulcus
precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
postcentral gyrus (primary sensory?)
33
Q

what does the central sulcus do?

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

divides primary motor and sensory cortexes

34
Q

septum pellucidum?

A

divides the lateral ventricles

35
Q

calcarine sulcus?

A

sits posteriorly

area for vision

36
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

largest connection/communication between hemispheres
large band of white matter
sits above the fornix

37
Q

what is the fornix involved in?

A

part of limbic system

involved in memory and emotion

38
Q

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the thalamus?

A

infront and below

39
Q

where is the 4th ventricle?

A

sticks out from behind pons/medulla

40
Q

what gives the boundary between frontal and parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

- extend line down to corpus callosum

41
Q

location of parietal lobe?

A

posterior to central sulcus
superior to lateral sulcus (and a backward extension of it)
anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch

42
Q

where is the occipital lobe?

A

posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus

43
Q

where is the temporal lobe?

A

inferior to the lateral sulcus

posterior border = line between parieto-occipital sulcus and pre-occipital notch

44
Q

what is the 5th, hidden lobe?

A

insular lobe/insular cortex

hidden beneath the temporal lobe

45
Q

what does the insular lobe do?

A

involved in experience of pain

46
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

dura mater > arachnoid mater > pia mater

from superficial to deep

47
Q

what sits between the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

subarachnoid space containing CSF

48
Q

describe dura mater?

A

periosteum of inner surface of the skull

very very tough membrane

49
Q

describe arachnoid mater?

A

like a layer of cling film

50
Q

describe pia mater?

A

1-2 cells thick covering of the brain

follows all bumps and indentations of the brain unlike the arachnoid mater, therefore a space forms between them

51
Q

where is CSF found in the brain?

A

subarachnoid space
ventricles
some then flows down canal through spinal cord

52
Q

describe path of CSF movement?

A

lateral ventricles > IV foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > 4th ventricle > out into subarachnoid space/down spinal cord

53
Q

what is the 3rd division of the nervous system?

A

enteric
found in digestive system from oesophagus to rectum
neurons in 2 plexuses in the walls of gut (myenteric between outer layers of smooth muscle and submucosal in the submucosa)
controls motility in the digestive system

Neurology (53 decks)

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