PassMedicine Flashcards
what are the layers of the skin
epidermis
dermis + cutaneous nerves
subcutaneous layer
what are the layers of the epidermis
cornified (horny) layer
grannular layer
spinous layer
basal layer
what are there lots of in the spinous layer
keratinocytes
what are the four cells of the epidermis
keratinocytes (most common)
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells
what are melanocytes
pigment producing cells
where are melanocytes found
basal layer of epidermis
what is oncholysis
separation of nail from nail bed
what conditions are associated with oncholysis
psoriasis
RA
thyroid disease
what is the first line treatment for atopic dermatitis
emollients and topical steroids
causes of hirsuitism
PCOS
cushings
acromegaly
what drug can cause hair loss
warfarin (uncommonly)
what is acanthosis nigricans associated with
GI carcinoma
hodgkins lymphoma
thyroid disease
what sort of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in contact dermatitis
delayed IV
what does macular mean
distinch red spots on skin
what is pyoderma gangrenosum
rare skin condition which causes tissue to become necrotis leading to painful ulcers
what is dermatitis herpetiformis
a chronic itchy blistering skin condition
what is dermatitis herpetiformis associated with
coeliacs
what are causes of generalised hypopigmentation
phenylketonuria
albinism
hypopituitarism
what are causes of localised hypopigmentation
vitiligo
leprosy
what is pyoderma gangrenosum associated with
CD
what is lupus pernio associated with
sarcoidosis
what is characteristic of lupus pernio
blue-red nodular lesions on nose
what is a tight white ring around the tip of the foreskin and phimosis likely to be
lichen sclerosis
what sort of reaction is erythema multiforme
a hypersensitivity reaction
what is erythema multiforme major associated with
mucosal involvement
what are classical lesions in erythema multiforme
target lesions
what is the most common cause of erythema multiforme
HSV
others are drugs, SLE, sarcoidosis
what is the first line management for acne
benzoyl peroxide
where is venous ulceration most commonly seen
medial malleolus
what is the most aggresive subtype of melanoma and metastasises early
nodular
what is characteristic of zoons balanitis
orange-red lesions with pinpoint redder spots on the glans and adjacent areas of the foreskin in uncircumcised men
how does circinate balanitis present
with a well demarcated erythematous plaque with a ragged white border
what cures zoons balanitis
circumcision
where does pityriasis versicolor affect on the body
the trunk
how do you treat pityriasis versicolor
antifungal (ketoconazole)
what is a port wine stain
a capillary malformation seen at birth which usually requires no treatment
it is flat and dark red/purple
what do strawberry naevi look like
soft raised vascular swellings on the skin surface
what do salmon patches look like
flat dull red areas on the face or neck
who is seborrhoeic dermatitis common in
parkinsons disease patients
what is seborrhoeic dermatitis
a chronic dermatitis by an inflammatory reaction related to the proliferation of a normal skin inhabitant, a fungus called malassezia furfur
what does seborrhoeic dermatitis look like
ecxematous lesions on sebum rich areas
how is seborrhoeic dermatitis treated
topical antifungals (ketoconazole) topical steroids
what is polymorphic eruption of pregnancy
pruritic condition associated with last trimester
lesions often appear in abdominal striae
when is pemphigoid gestationis rarely seen
in the first pregnancy
what is pemphigoid gestationis
itchy blistering lesiosn
often in peri-umbilical region
presents in 2/3 trimester
what complication is most commonly associated with psoralen and ultraviolet light
SCC
what type of sensitivity reaction is allergic contact dermatitis
type IV
what does NICE recommend for all patients who have received organ transplants and present with new or growing skin lesions
urgent referral to a dermatologist
SCCs are more common in the immunosuppressed
what is the difference beween hirsutism and hypertrichosis
hirsutism is androgen-dependent hair growth
hypertrichosis is androgen-independent hair growth
what are causes of hypertrichosis
drugs: ciclosporin
anorexia nervosa
features of a karatoacanthoma
initially a smooth dome shaped papule
rapidly grows to become a crater filled centrally with keratin
what is erythema ab igne
a rash from applying heat to an area
what are curlings ulcers
stress ulcers which may occur in the duodenum of burns patients and are more common in children
what are the four common features of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
1 epistaxis
2 telangiectases
3 visceral lesions
4 FHx
3/4 will give definite diagnosis of HHT
where do pyogenic granulomas commonly appear
at the sites of trauma
what is the most common form of skin cancer
BCC
what are BCC and SCC related to
sun exposure
what increases risk of SCC
immunosuppression (transplant)
what are major criteria for malignant melanoma
change in size, shape, colour
what are minor criteria for malignant melanoma
diameter >6mm
inflammation
oozing or bleeding
altered sensation
what is kaposis sarcoma
a tumour of vascular and lymphatic endothelium
presents as purple cutaneous nodules
what is dermatitis herpetiformis associated with
coeliacs disease
what are causes of acanthosis nigricans
insulin resistance in diabetes
GI cancer
hypothyroidism
