Parvoviridae

Question 1

What species are affected by parvovirus?

Answer 1

Cat
dog
pig
cattle
bird

Question 2

What kind of virus is parvovirus? be specific

Answer 2

linear ssDNA

no envelope

Question 3

Where does parvovirus replicate?

Answer 3

nucleus of rapidly dividing cells

Question 4

How is FPV transmitted?

Answer 4

fecal-oral route

contact, aerosols, fleas and humans

Question 5

Can the FPV encode it’s own mitogenic function?

Answer 5

no, it uses host cell’s enzymes (RNA polymerase)

Question 6

What does RNA polymerase II do for parvovirus?

Answer 6

Transcribes DNA into mRNA

Question 7

What are clinical signs noticable with FPV?

Answer 7

5-7 days

Question 8

How will kittens < 2weeks of age present? > 2weeks?

Answer 8

Ataxic – cerebellum

Panleukopenia, enteritis

Question 9

Can FPV be congenital?

Answer 9

Yes – cerebellar hypoplasia and panleukopenia –> marked ataxia

Question 10

What are the two major lesions with FPV?

Answer 10

Enteritis (hemorrhagic and necrotizing enteritis)

Panleukopenia

Question 11

Why is recovery shorter with enteritis FPV?

Answer 11

crypts are the target and they are responsible for replenishing enterocyte populations

Question 12

What diagnostic tests can you run for FPV?

Answer 12

ELISA ($15)
virus neutralization (cheap - $3)
HAI (cheap - $3)
IFA (cheap - $3)

Question 13

Does parvovirus cause hemaglutination?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What types of vaccines are available?

Answer 14

Modified live and inactivated

Question 15

When is it necessary to use the inactivated vaccine for FPV?

Answer 15

kittens < 4 weeks and pregnant queens

Question 16

What are the disadvantages to using inactivated vaccine for FPV?

Answer 16

Booster needed
Adjuvant needed
Higher risk of vaccine rxn

Question 17

what are some advantages to giving the modified live vaccine for FPV?

Answer 17

One dose needed
quicker immunity
long term immunity
no adjuvant needed
lower risk of vaccine rxn

Question 18

Can cats contract FPV from fleas from the infected cat?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What happens to kittens that are born from infected queens?

Answer 19

severe brain damage

Question 20

Can FPV be treated?

Answer 20

There is no tx. Just supportive care.

Question 21

What type of genome does canine parvovirus have? envelope?

Answer 21

ssDNA genome

no envelope

Question 22

T/F

Parvovirus can not live in the environment for over 1 month

Answer 22

False

Extremely resistant. Can survive in environment for up to 1 year

Question 23

How does parvovirus gain access to intestinal crypts?

Answer 23

leukocytes bring it

Question 24

What tissues are targeted for CPV?

Answer 24

tonsillar LN
menenteric LN
thymus
Bone marrow

Question 25

What leukocyte abnormality will you see on the CBC with CPV?

Answer 25

leukopenia -- lymphopenia from LN destruction/consumption of lymphocytes + neutropenia from necrosis of stem cells in BM

Question 26

What happens in CPV puppies infected in utero or at an age < 2 weeks? 3-8 weeks?

Answer 26

Generalized overwhelming infxn Myocarditis (rare) Acute death 3-8 weeks Myocarditis --> chronic fibrosis Acute death May not show signs and suddenly die

Question 27

Lesions in puppies with CPV < 8 weeks

Answer 27

``` Intestinal villus necrosis Lymphadenomegaly Necrosis of myeloid and erythroid stem cells Hemorrhagic enteritis Exposure of villous BM Endotoxemia ```

Question 28

What tissues does the CPV target in really young animals compared to FPV?

Answer 28

Myocardium versus cerebellum with FPV

Question 29

What age group is really susceptible to CPV? Breeds?

Answer 29

weaning - 6 months | Rottweiler and Doberman pinscher

Question 30

What is minute virus of canines?

Answer 30

Also known as CPV-1

Question 31

What causes canine parvovirus infection clinical signs, CPV-1 or CPV-2?

Answer 31

CPV-2

Question 32

T/F | Dogs that have recovered from parvovirus are safe to not shed the virus

Answer 32

False | They can shed up to 1 year after recovery

Question 33

What is the most characteristic finding with CPV compared to FPV?

Answer 33

leukopenia

Question 34

What are the hallmark of canine parvo?

Answer 34

Puppy 6-20 weeks old Sudden episode of vomiting and foul-smelling bloody diarrhea Lethargy and anorexia

Question 35

T/F | There is a direct relation of severity b/w the clinical illness of CPV and the leukopenia

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What are two similar diseases to CPV that we would want to rule out?

Answer 36

``` Salmonellosis (fecal or blood culture) Canine distemper (intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies on cytology or histopathology) ```

Question 37

What is the most common diagnostic tool for CPV? Why?

Answer 37

ELISA 100% sensitivity 99.9% specificity

Question 38

What samples can we test for CPV?

Answer 38

serum or feces

Question 39

What do the tests for CPV detect?

Answer 39

CPV-1, CPV-2, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c

Question 40

Name 3 ways maternal antibodies can affect susceptibility of CPV?

Answer 40

1. bitch has low Ab titers -- puppies susceptible as early as 4-6 weeks 2. bitch has high Ab titers - puppies not susceptible until 18-20 weeks 3. maternal Ab can interfere with immunization -- window of time in which puppy is especially susceptible!

Question 41

What can we do to enhance vaccine efficacy and overcome this maternal antibody issue with CPV?

Answer 41

1. Increase titer -- contains more virus to efficiently overcome maternal Ab 2. Low passage -- made using low # of passes from original host

Question 42

What types of vaccines are available for CPV? What one is better against maternal Ab?

Answer 42

Killed and modified live | killed is better -- ML vaccine has been known to be susceptible to maternal Ab

Question 43

what female pigs are most susceptible to PPV infection?

Answer 43

gilts are most susceptible

Question 44

How do boars transmit PPV? Does it cause damage to them?

Answer 44

Transmit in semen | does not damage boar or semen

Question 45

What happens to pregnant sows with PPV?

Answer 45

crosses placenta --> fetus is reabsorbed or mummification in older fetuses

Question 46

What will confirm if PPV was the cause of reproductive failure?

Answer 46

virus isolation from fetal material

Question 47

What can be done to see if a pig has had PPV?

Answer 47

Blood test

Question 48

what are some signs that the herd may have PPV?

Answer 48

- mummified piglets of different sizes - increase in still birth - size of litters reduce - # of sows failing to farrow increases - herd records show reduction in repro success

Question 49

Is there a vaccine for PPV?

Answer 49

yes | inactivated, water based liquid vaccine