Epidemiology: Control of viral diseases Flashcards
What is incidence rate?
disease frequency in a population over specific period of time
What is prevalence rate?
The measure of disease frequency at a particular time
What is an endemic, epidemic, and pandemic?
Endemic - continuous occurrence of dz in population of a limited region over a period of time
Epidemic - peaks in dz incidence that exceed the endemic baseline or expected rate
Pandemic - worldwide epidemic
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Incubation period – time from infection to showing clinical signs of dz
Generation time - time b/w acquisition of infection and transmission to another susceptible host (the time it took for the virus to generate another infected animal)
Name three type of studies that investigate cause
- Cross-section study
- Case-control study
- Cohort study
What is a cross sectional study?
Study population over limited time to determine relationship b/w dz and presumed etiologic features
What is a case control study?
Looking in the past (retrospective) to identify cause of dz by comparing exposed and control poulations
What is a cohort study?
Looking in the future (prospective) to identify cause of disease by comparing exposed group to control
How can mathematical modeling help us?
- Help predict future occurences of dz
- Study potential spread of national or international dz
- Provide insight into effectiveness of dz control program
What are 10 major routes of transmission?
- Horizontal (one animal to another)
- Direct contact transmission (physical contact)
- Indirect contact transmission (sharing food, etc)
- Common vehicle transmission (fecal contaminated food or water, virus contaminated food)
- Airborne (coughing, sneezing, etc)
- Arthropod-borne (bites)
- Vertical transmission (colostrum, sperm, placenta)
- Iatrogenic (accidental by professional)
- Nosocomial (hospital derived infection)
- Zoonotic
Name some ways we can irradicate and control viral dz.
Hygiene and sanitation Disinfection of contaminated premises Vaccination Quarantine Control of arthropod vector Slaughtering
What are 3 methods of surveillance commonly used for animal dz?
- notifiable dz reporting
- laboratory based surveillance
- population based surveillance
What types of diseases typically have a certification of freedom?
Lifelong infections
What type of program is useful for eradicating a disease from an area?
Test and removal programs
What would be a good rational for specific diagnosis?
- Exotic Dz
- Zoonoses
- Certification of freedom from specific infection
- AI, embryo transfer, blood transfusion
- Test and removal programs
- Veterinary health investigation
- Clinical management dependent on precise diagnosis
