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Partnerships Flashcards

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1
Q

A partnership is an

A

association of two or more legal entities (person or a corporation / other legal entity) who carry on a for-profit business as co-owners

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2
Q

Intent to form a partnership is

A

not needed to form a partnership, only
(1) Carry on as co-owners
(2) For profit

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3
Q

When two or more people or legal entities share profits there is a

A

presumption of a partnership relationship

Note: Does not apply to payments of a debt, interest payments, rent, wages, or goodwill

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4
Q

Partnerships are separate legal entities meaning

A

they are distinct from the partners and can hold property and sue/be sued independently of the partners

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5
Q

Partnerships have no entity-level taxation meaning

A

taxes are only paid when profits are distributed to partners

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6
Q

Partnership agreements will generally govern all rules of the partnership EXCEPT when

A

State law is mandatory (e.g. can’t waive personal liability)

Can’t:
(1) Waive liability to third parties
(2) Deny Partner access to books and records
(3) Eliminate fiduciary duties

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7
Q

The duty of loyalty owed to partnerships by its partners prevent

A

(1) partners from competing with the partnership business
(2) partners from advancing an interest adverse to the partnership
(3) partners from usurping partnership opportunities

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8
Q

The duty of loyalty may be

A

limited so long as it is not manifestly unreasonable

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9
Q

Safe-harbor for duty of loyalty violations is

A

full disclosure of all material facts and then either a certain percentage (or all) partners vote to authorize or ratify the transaction

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10
Q

The duty of care owed to partnerships is to not

A

(1) engage in grossly negligent or reckless conduct
(2) engage in intentional misconduct
(3) engage in a knowing violation of the law

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11
Q

Prospective / Former partners do not

A

owe duties of loyalty or care to the partnership

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12
Q

The division of losses and profits is

A

generally dictated by the partnership agreement

default rule = split profits evenly, and losses follow profits

Note: capital or financial contributions need not have an effect on the division of profits or losses

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13
Q

Financial distributions from a partnership to a partner may

A

be done if agreed upon in advance and made according to partnership agreement

generally there is NO right to demand distribution

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14
Q

Transferring of a property interest is

A

presumed allowed (old rule led to dissolving of partnership) though partners may still agree to change default rule to require majority vote of partners

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15
Q

The default rule for new partners is

A

all partners must consent (may be changed in partnership agreement)

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16
Q

Management and control of a partnership is

A

presumed equal between the partners (may be modified by partnership agreement and may reflect capital contribution)

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17
Q

Ordinary v. Extraordinary business matters

A

Ordinary = vote of majority of partners

Extraordinary = vote of all partners (unanimity)

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18
Q

Dissociation from a partnership may be either

A

voluntary or involuntary

Note: voluntary requires notice of intent and may be done at ANY time even if wrongful

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19
Q

Involuntary dissociation may arise when

A

(1) Event specified in partnership agreement occurs
(2) Partner is expelled pursuant to partnership agreement
(3) Court may order it
(4) A partner goes bankrupt
(5) A partner dies
(6) A partner has become incapacitated
(7) One of the entities of a partnership dissolves

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20
Q

Consequences of Dissociation are

A

former partner has no rights to participate in management but does not owe any duties to partnership

partnership must buy out dissociating partner if the partnership continues (may be affected if partner wrongfully dissociates)

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21
Q

Every partner is an

A

agent of the partnership

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22
Q

Partners may enter into contracts for which they have

A

authority

Express

Implied (partner’s reasonable belief action is necessary to carry out express authority)

Apparent (based on partnerships interactions with third party)

23
Q

A partner is liable in tort for acts committed

A

within the scope of their partnership

24
Q

Regarding liability in partnerships, partners are

A

personally, jointly, and severally liable for all partnership obligations

May go after partner for the entire sum owed by the partnership (generally must exhaust partnership funds first)

25
Q

An incoming partner is not personally liable for

A

contract or tort obligations incurred prior to becoming partner (exception: partner’s capital contribution upon joining partnership)

26
Q

2 steps of termination of a partnership

A

dissolution and winding up

27
Q

Dissolution may be brought about by

A

a partner or operation of law

28
Q

Partnership at Will is

A

a partnership with no fixed end date or term, and generally is dissolved when any partner dissociates (may be modified in partnership agreement)

29
Q

Partnership for a Term or Undertaking is

A

a partnership which may dissolve when the term expires or the undertaking is complete

30
Q

3 ways of dissolving a partnership

A

(1) Event set forth in partnership agreement
(2) Any event that makes it unlawful to continue if not cured within 90 days
(3) Judicial determination

31
Q

The process of winding up a corporation may be done by

A

a partner who has not wrongfully dissociated or a legal representative of a deceased partner

note: judicial supervision may be sought

32
Q

The powers of winding up include

A

transfer partnership property and discharge partnership liabilities

Note: may also include preserving the partnership business and maximizing value as a going concern

33
Q

Statement of dissolution is a

A

filing that gives notice to third parties of dissolving 90 days after filing (limits apparent authority and liability)

34
Q

Priority of proceeds at dissolution

A

(1) creditors
(2) partners

35
Q

LLP is like a partnership but

A

eliminates personal liability

No liability for obligations of LLP but partners are liable for OWN personal misconduct

36
Q

LLPs must be

A

filed with the state and always end with wither RLLP or LLP

37
Q

LLPs may lose LLP status by either

A

voluntary transformation or cancelling of LLP status by the partners or revocation by the state

38
Q

Limited Partnerships are partnerships that are

A

formed by two or more persons and have at least one general and one limited partner

39
Q

In a Limited Partnership the

A

general partner has personal liability and the limited partner has limited liability

40
Q

LPs require

A

filing a certificate of limited partnership including
(1) name of limited partnership
(2) in state address
(3) name of an agent in the state
(4) Name and address of all general partners
(5) Statement of duration
(6) Be signed by the general partner

Note: Effective when filed

Substantial compliance is sufficient

41
Q

Both limited and general partners of a LP may join

A

at the creation of the LP or with agreement of all partners

42
Q

Limited partners are not personally liable unless

A

they serve as a general partner or start to participate in the partnership (active participation)

Attending meetings, consulting general partner, being an officer or director or shareholder do not count as sufficient participation to be “running” partnership

43
Q

A general partner may have their status terminated by

A

(1) voluntarily withdrawing
(2) tries to assign partnership interest
(3) goes bankrupt
(4) dies or becomes incapacitated
(5) business-entity partner is terminated

44
Q

A partner may become a partner by estoppel if

A

(1) There is a representation that a person is a partner
(2) The person makes or consents to the representation
(3) A third party reasonably relied on the representation, and
(4) The third party suffered damages as a result of the reliance

45
Q

A partner may use or possess partnership property only

A

on behalf of the partnership

46
Q

A partnership may pursue a legal action against a partner for

A

breach of the partnership agreement or for violating a duty owed to the partnership that caused harm (e.g. duty of loyalty and duty of care)

47
Q

For apparent authority to apply and bind the partnership to a contract, the partner must perform the unauthorized act in

A

the ordinary course of apparently carrying on either the partnership business or business of a kind carried on by the partnership

Note: 3rd party must NOT have notice of actual lack of authority

48
Q

For a partnership that is unlimited by time or undertaking, a partner’s dissociation is wrongful only when

A

it is in breach of an express provision of the partnership agreement

49
Q

A dissociating partner’s duties of care and loyalty terminate upon the moment of dissociation unless

A

the partner participates in winding up the partnership’s business if the partnership itself dissolves

50
Q

A partner must perform the windup consistently with

A

the contractual obligation of good faith and fair dealing

51
Q

A dissociated partner may maintain an action against the partnership to determine the buyout price and to compel the partnership to pay that amount to the partner if

A

the action is commenced within 120 days after the partnership has tendered payment or an offer to pay, OR within one year after written demand for payment if no payment or offer to pay is tendered.

52
Q

Any partner has the actual authority to

A

commit the partnership to usual and customary matters, unless the partner has reason to know that other partners might disagree

Note: This may conflict with the individual right each partner has in equal rights in management and conduct of the partnership’s business

53
Q

If there is a decision as to a matter outside the ordinary course of the partnership’s business, the decision requires

A

the consent of all partners

54
Q

Each partner is liable to the other partners for

A

his share of partnership liability incurred by such post-dissolution acts (regardless of whether dissolution was caused by wrongful or proper dissociation of a partner)

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