Part 8: Cruise Ships

Question 1

Development of cruise ships

Answer 1

Oldest cruise line (P&O) established 1844
Caribbean biggest key area
8% average annual growth since 1980
Fastest growing sector in tourism

Question 2

10 things to know (fun facts and stats)

Answer 2

Made 18B in rev 2022
Total number of passengers as 13M+ as of 2021
Expected to reach 15.1B rev end of 2023
Supports 1M+ jobs
Average cost $214/passenger daily
World’s fleet of cruise ships total 430
US nationals 43% of passengers (2021)
6 in 10 ppl return to destination visited on cruise
Seeks to reduce CO2 emission by 40% by 2030
Emits more greenhouse gasses daily than 13M cars

Question 3

Enviro issues concerning cruise ships

Answer 3

Emissions
waste
water
Ballast water
noise pollution
Anchoring
Impact on destination
Bunker Fuel

Question 4

Types of Emissions from Cruise ships

Answer 4

Bunker Fuel
Nitrogen oxide, CO2 + dioxide & sulfur oxide
incineration smoke

Question 5

Impacts on destination from Cruise ships

Answer 5

• Modifications of enviro and loss of natural habitat
• Risk of acculturation (assimilation to a diff. culture )
• Infrastructural change
• Leakage rate: only a small amount of turn over stays in destination

Question 6

Bunker Fuel (about/problems)

Answer 6

• # 1 problem
• Toxic bypass product of oil refineries
• Needs to be heated to become liquid
• No filters on board ship
  Scrubbers can reduce emission
  SOx - 95%
  Black matter - 75%
• NGOs claim, all ships should use maritime diesel

Question 7

Scrubber: Open vs Closed Loop

Answer 7

Open - takes water from ocean and dumps it back out
Closed - keeps water in haul

Question 8

International attempts to control emissions from Cruise Chips

Answer 8

• Bring down sulphur fuels
• Cold ironing
• waste treatment

Question 9

Cold Ironing pros/cons

Answer 9

Pros: Local power supply, Generators on board stopped, reduction of nitrogen oxide and particulate emission by 95%, Co2 reduced by 30%, noise reduction

Cons: Ship has to be retrofitted, diff current-voltage system, only sustainable when guaranteed that electricity is renewable, expensive for port/ships, not common by now

Question 10

Issues with Ballast water

Answer 10

Problem: takes water into hold for ‘balance’ when it is disposed organic life forms introduced to new environment - could be very harmful

Question 11

Working conditions on board

Answer 11

Condit. 12+ days, >70h/week, 24h on call, 7days/week, 30 days/month
Contract. ~ $550/month <$2/hour, 6 months, health insurance, no separation of living/wrking enviro, food/bed/,linen incl., limited rec time

Question 12

Sustainable ships?

Answer 12

Old is new again
Less passengers
Wind operated (80%)
Smaller ships = lesser overall impact, access to less-touristed ports