Part 2: History

Question 1

Nature gets it value (year + facts)

Answer 1

1800 - idea of being beautiful/special
writers begin to defend
Settlers in NA - pristine lands

Question 2

Concept of Sustainable Development

Answer 2

• 1860s - number of national parks established in US (Yellowstone)
• National state takes protective measures against econ/individual exploitation
• Primary purpose of national parks to conserve natural beauty of specific area

Question 3

National Parks World Wide

Answer 3

4,413,142 Km2 of land/sea are protect as national park (over 4 M)

Question 4

Downside of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 4

• Exponential growth w/ more/more resources being consumed (energy, land…)
• Domestic/Industrial waste released into air/water system
• London’s nickname “the Big Smoke”
• Consequences: increased pollution, morality, destruction

Question 5

Importance of Sustainability

Answer 5

• Huge capacity for generation growth in destination areas
• Often useful of destination region’s development (alone won’t make sustainable)
• Increasing impacts led to range of: evident/potential problems + enviro, social, cultural, econ, political issues in destination/system

** note: need for alternatives/more enviro/host friendly practices in development/planning **

Question 6

About Sustainable development Goals (SDG)

Answer 6

• 17 goals set by UN development Programme
• Broad and interdependent
• Each have separate list of targets to achieve (169 targets total)

Question 7

SDG covers

Answer 7

• Social/Econ issues
  
  • Poverty, hunger, health, education,
    - Global warming, gender equality, water
    
    • Sanitation, energy, urbanization
    • Environment and social justice

Question 8

Academic perspective on ST from 60s-today

Answer 8

1960-1980:
Limits of growth: Research into CC
CC = basis for approaching/mng negative impacts
CC should be problematic both in theory and practice
1980-1990
RnD discourses by idea of sustainable tourism
1990-today
Increasing criticism of sustainable tourism
Difficulties w/ practice and usability
Unrealistic expectations/conceptually fragmented

Question 9

Limits of Growth

Answer 9

1987: Our Common Future
Brundtland report
SD = development that meets need of present w/out compromising future generations needs
Sustainability - the three elements
1992: UN - Earth Summit
Need to enforce principles of SD w/in wide Econ/social processes
Tourism’s potential for advancing social/econ develop

Question 10

Over-tourism and Overcrowding

Answer 10

• Problem: Intensification of tourism growth in destination
• Overcrowding can occur with locals or amongst visitors themselves
• Crowding has two components: Cognitive (perceiving situation as crowded) + Emotional (evaluation crowding as unacceptable)

** Note: Crowding: individual’s perceived evaluation of density levels in a specific physical environment” **

Question 11

Level of Crowding (and the 3 Influencing dimensions)

Answer 11

1. Situational characteristics of enviro
2. Personal characteristics of the visitor
   Demographic variables such as age/gender
   Frequency of travel (eg: first time or repeat visitor)
3. Characteristic of other tourist

Crowding = additional negative characteristic
Visitors start anticipating traffic in destination
assessing/maintaining crowd – major indicator for sustainable tourism

Question 12

Carrying Capacity

Answer 12

is considered key element for ST

Shortened Def: Max number of people a place can handle without causing damage and unacceptable decrease in experience

• To avoid: know the CC of a tourism system, consider seasonality
• Not related to: A certain resource/number of tourist, The intensity of factual impact
• Is also: A question of human values, Individual (often chaining) perceptions, Highly dynamic

No particular standard to quantify the capacity
Dynamic and fluid concept which is evolving

Question 13

3 Dimensions of Carrying Capacity

Answer 13

1. Physical-ecological: charac. of destination
2. Socio-demographic: charac. Of tourists/locals
3. Political-economic: charac. Of type of destination

** Note: Social-demographic - highly difficult to measure, related to value dimensions, highly dependent on psychology of tourists/locals **

Tipping Point
Quality of experience visitor will accept before seeking alternative destinations
While balancing degree of tolerance of visitors related to number of tourists

Question 14

Three theoretical approaches to Sustainability and CC

Answer 14

1. Resource based
   Carrying capacity
2. Activity based - tool of develop
   From perceptive of the industrial
3. Community based
   Supporting locals and participation from people

Question 15

Methods/tools to access potentials of Overtourism

Answer 15

Estimating CC is important to mng value of destination to tourist

Methods/tools
Estimating population density based on level of tourism
Evaluate the enviro/social CC
Look at factors (length of stay), characteristics of tourist/host, geographical concentration of tourism, degree of seasonality, types of activity, accessibility of septic sites, level of infrastructure use, possible space capacity
Use of predictive analytics to calculate visitors needs effectively

Question 16

Solutions for better experience

Answer 16

• increase/improved infrastructure
• Use visitor mngt effectively over time/space
• Evaluate vacation preferences/customer profile characteristics
• Use mrkt and/or new tech such as VR to influence visitors emotions, perception, behavior
• raise awareness

Special: Ecotourism in conservation area
Offer more econ benefits to local communities
Effective mng of resourced
Increase conservation and balance development
Increase in ST

10 Pledges

Question 17

10 Pledges to help with Sustainability

Answer 17

Mang wastes
Switch AC/lights when leave room
Always look for eco-friendly accommodation
Try to mng CO2 ftprint
Reuse hotel amenities
Shop locally/independent businesses
Go to lesser known paces
Pick up litter
Request no toiletries in room
Use reef-friendly products at beach