Part 1: Intro Flashcards
Parts of the Value Chain (w/ examples)
Agencies: environmental certificates
Tour operators: Specialized/mainstream
Service providers: Airlines/cruises
Destinations: animal welfare/Co2 compensation
Hotels: Hotel mngt/Ecology
Effects human have on the earth (negative)
Critical resources becoming scarce
Ecosystem increasingly degraded
Pollution/waste (difficult to absorb)
Four major tourism implications in degradations
Global water use
Conversion of lands for infrastructure
Global food Consumption
Emissions of Greenhouse gasses
** note: tourism dependent on energy - almost all from fossil fuels **
BUCKLEY’s five aspects
Parks
Pollution
Prosperity
Peace
Population
** note: peace and population most difficult to reach **
Elements of Sustainability
Econ, Enviro, Social
Goals of Enviro Sustainability
Preserve nature/environment for future generations
(through conservation of biodiversity, reduce climate change, maintenance of culture/natural areas in original from, careful use of natural environment)
Examples of measurable/quantifiable factors for Enviro sustainability:
Efficiency of global resource use
Consideration of ecological CC (carry capacity)
Improvement of enviro quality
Reduction of consumption of raw material/energy
Enviro Positive Effects (Sustainability)
Build ecological understanding/sensitivity Tourism supporting nature parks/biospheres
Enviro Negative Effects (Sustainability)
Infrastructural - destruction on landscape, effects on sensitive biospheres
Activity related - Physical destruction, use of resources, waste
Emissions - GHG, Pollution
Goals of Social Sustainability
Development of local society that enables participation for every member (balance of social forces, long-term sustainable/livable society)
Examples of measurable/quantifiable factors for socio sustainability:
Right of decent life for all
Careful use of human/social resources
Distributive justice: quality of life/basic social goods
Possibilities of satisfying human needs
Social Positive effects (Sustainability)
Intercultural understanding
protection/preservation of cultural heritage/traditions
Local pride and self-determination
Social negative effects (Sustainability)
Acculturation, cultural conformity
“Airport art”
Child prostitution
Petit thefts, begging
“Staged authenticity”
Migration
“Internal conflicts for resources/wealth
Goals of Economic Sustainability
Employ existing resources optimally so that responsible/beneficial balance can be achieved over long-term (Protection of econ resources from exploitation)
Examples of measurable/quantifiable factors for Econ Sustainability:
Efficiency of econ system
Full employment/social protection
Econ efficiency/innovation skills
International econ stability
Econ Positive effects (Sustainability)
Foreign current
Employment
Multiplication
Enhancement of infrastructure
Regional development impulses
Econ Negative effects (Sustainability)
Rising price levels
Tourism dependencies
Regional disparities
Loss of land rights
Connection between Sustainability elements
Econ + social = Variable
Social + Enviro = Acceptable
Enviro + Econ = Equitable
Facts about tourism as an international industry
- International arrivals made for leisure/visit Friend/family, business - increasing every year
- Average international Tourist rev >US$700 pp
- Travel/tourism represents >10% total Global GDP
- Approx. 10% world employment
Facts about toursim as world’s largest industry
- Creates >250 Mill in/direct job across national/regional econ
- Jobs generated by T&T are spread across economy (retail, construction, manufact)
- Higher average employment of females, minorities, young ppl
- Predominantly in small/med size companies
