Part 61, Part 91, Part 135, and General Study Flashcards
What are your Part 135 Duty Time Limitations?
14 hour duty day
8 hours flight time (single pilot)
10 hours flight time (two pilot)
10 hours rest time
Part 135 Pilot Oxygen Requirements Non-Pressurized Cabin
Pilot is required to have oxygen for flights exceeding 30 mins between 10,000’ to 12,000’ MSL
Anytime when operating over 12,000’ MSL
What must be included in your passenger briefing? Part 135
PIC or crew member must brief pax on the following:
Smoking
Operation of doors / emergency exits
Use of seatbelts
Ditching for overwater operation
Location and operation of fire extinguishers
Location of survival equipment
Oxygen use and equipment if over 12,000’
Who can manipulate the controls of an aircraft operated under part 135?
(a) A pilot employed by the certificate holder and qualified in the aircraft; or
(b) An authorized safety representative of the Administrator who has the permission of the pilot in command, is qualified in the aircraft, and is checking flight operations.
Use of electronic devices? Part 135
Prohibited: unless authorized and determined, by the certificate holder, not to interfere with comms or nav equipment
Is your quarterly and annual flight time limited under Part 135?
Yes,
No more than:
500 hours in a calendar quarter
800 hours in 2 consecutive 1/4’s
1400 hours in a calendar year
What happens if you exceed your Part 135 flight time limitation?
(1) 11 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by not more than 30 minutes;
(2) 12 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 30 minutes, but less than 60 minutes; and
(3) 16 consecutive hours of rest if the flight time limitation is exceeded by more than 60 minutes.
(CHI requires a written report to the chief pilot)
Part 135
Days off required per quarter?
(f) The certificate holder must provide each flight crewmember at least 13 rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours each in each calendar quarter.
What must be tested on your checkride?
Part 135.293
The subject matter required by 135.293 (a)(b)(c)
When must a recurrent 135.293 be completed?
12 calendar months
Check may be completed in the pre-month or in the grace month.
Part 135.301
When do passengers have to have oxygen? Part 135
Part 135.157
(1) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to at least 10 percent of the occupants of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration; and
(2) Above 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to each occupant of the aircraft other than the pilots.
Class Golf Airspace VFR Weather Minimums
Below 1200 AGL
1/2 sm visibility day
1 sm visibility night
Clear of clouds
Above 1200 AGL below 10,000 MSL 1 sm visibility day 3 sm visibility night 500 below 1000 above 2000 horizontal
Above 1200 AGL above 10,000 MSL 5 sm visibility 1000 below 1000 above 1 sm horizontal
Class Delta Airspace Requirements and VFR Weather Minimums
Two way radio communication 3 sm visibility 500 below 1000 above 2000 horizontal
Class Charlie Airspace Requirements and VFR Weather Minimums
Two way radio communication Mode-C transponder 3 sm visibility 500 below 1000 above 2000 horizontal
Class Echo Airspace VFR Weather Minimums
Below 10,000 MSL 3 sm 500 below 1000 above 2000 horizontal
Above 10,000 MSL 5sm 1000 below 1000 above 1 sm horizontal
Class Bravo Airspace Requirements and VFR Weather Minimums
Two way radio communication
Must receive clearance
Minimum private pilot certificate
Mode-C transponder
3 sm visibility
Clear of clouds
Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions? Part 135.209
20 minutes
Special VFR Requirements Part 91
(b) Special VFR operations may only be conducted—
(1) With an ATC clearance;
(2) Clear of clouds;
How close can you operate to another aircraft? Part 91.111
(a) No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation.
(c) No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.
Part 135 Emergency Deviations, does this require notification to the FAA?
YES, within 10 days
Company - Report must be submitted to the Chief Pilot within 48hours. CP will forward report to the FAA.
Can we drop objects from aircraft? Part 91
No pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property. However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of any object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.
When is a Mode-C transponder required? Part 91.215
(1) All aircraft. In Class A, Class B, and Class C airspace areas;
(2) All aircraft. In all airspace within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in appendix D, section 1 of this part from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL;
(4) All aircraft in all airspace above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of a Class B or Class C airspace area designated for an airport upward to 10,000 feet MSL
Minimum Altitude over Congested Area? Part 135.203
Except when necessary for takeoff and landing, no person may operate under VFR—
b) A helicopter over a congested area at an altitude less than 300 feet above the surface
Class Alpha Airspace Requirements
IFR operations only 18,000’ - 60,000’ Mode-C Transponder Clearance Two way radio communication
Can you fly without visual reference to the surface? Part 135.207
No person may operate a helicopter under VFR unless that person has visual surface reference or, at night, visual surface light reference, sufficient to safely control the helicopter.
Where must Part 135 pilots receive their weather information?
Part 135.213
OpSpec A010
(a) Whenever a person operating an aircraft under this part is required to use a weather report or forecast, that person shall use that of the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by the U.S. National Weather Service, or a source approved by the Administrator. However, for operations under VFR, the pilot in command may, if such a report is not available, use weather information based on that pilot’s own observations or on those of other persons competent to supply appropriate observations.
What is required to be on board the aircraft? FAR part 91, 135.65, 135.83
- Cockpit checklist
- emergency cockpit checklist (multi engine aircraft)
- aeronautical charts
- One engine inoperative climb performance data (multi engine aircraft)
- Maintenance log
- Airworthiness cert
- Registration
- RFM/ operating limitations
- weight and balance
- Two fire extinguishers (bv107)
- Briefing cards for each seat
What is an MOA? Can you fly through it?
Military operations area, flight is not prohibited through an MOA although it is recommended that you contact FSS to check for
What is a Prohibited Area?
Prohibited areas contain airspace of defined dimensions identified by an area on the surface of the earth within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare. These areas are published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical charts.
What is a Warning Area? Can you fly through it?
A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from three nautical miles outward from the coast of the U.S., that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
Yes, you can operate within a warning area although it would be advantageous to contact a FSS to check for activity.
What is a restricted area? Can you fly through it?
Restricted areas contain airspace identified by an area on the surface of the earth within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions.
Yes to some extent, you can operate within a restricted area only with the permission of the using or controlling agency.
What is an Alert Area?
Alert areas are depicted on aeronautical charts to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity.
What is a National Security Area? Can you fly through it?
National Security Areas consist of airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at locations where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities.
Pilots are requested to voluntarily avoid flying through the depicted NSA. When it is necessary to provide a greater level of security and safety, flight in NSAs may be temporarily prohibited by regulation under the provisions of 14 CFR Section 99.7
Who has the right of way over all other aircraft?
Aircraft in distress.
Are we required to have cockpit voice recorders and flight data recorders?
YES, far Part 135.151 and 135.152
Flight data recorder because we have more than ten seats.
Cockpit voice recorder because we have more than six seats.
Are we required to have a manifest?
How many manifests are we required to have?
Two manifests, must also be on your person during flight. FAR 135.63
Part 135 domestic we must leave a manifest for multi engine aircraft.
Retained by the operator for 30 days
Who is responsible for operational control?
135.177 The certificate holder is responsible for operational control and shall list in the manual required by 135.21, the name and title of each person authorized to exercise operational control.
A006 of the OpSpecs list of management personnel
Can we fly VFR on top?
Part 135
No rotorcraft can not. Part 135.207 helicopter surface reference requirements
What is required of the PIC to meet the recent experience requirements of part 135?
Day- Three takeoffs and landings in the category and class within the previous 90 days
Night- Three takeoffs and landing in category and class from the period beginning 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise within the previous 90 days
As SIC are you required to stay current on your recency of flight experience required by 135.247?
No, SIC does not need to be current. Only PIC
What happens if you exceed your 14 hour duty day?
You need 10 hours rest part 135 and write a written report to chief Pilot.
What are the different types of icing?
Rime ice - opaque rough ice
Clear ice - smooth clear ice
Mixed ice - combination of the two
What should you do if you encounter icing conditions?
Reverse course or descend to warm temperatures.
Types of fog?
Radiation fog Advection fog Upslope fog Ice fog Evaporation fog
How would you indentify windshear?
By a drastic change in wind velocity and direction.
Wind shear can be caused by thunderstorms, frontal passage, wake turbulence, etc.
What are the stages of a thunderstorm
Cumulus - updrafts
Mature - marked by rainfall
Dissipating - downdrafts
How long are load manifests required to be retained by the operator?
30 days
What is the company SOP for IIMC?
Announce IIMC - confirm with crew
Commit to Instrument flight
Turn away from terrain
Climb 500fpm to MSA or MEF
Communicate with ATC declare emergency
Comply with ATC instructions
(If no ATC reverse course)
When are you required to have an NVG Proficiency Check?
When the PIC fails to meet the recency of experience requirements of 61.57(f).
Two months to fly passengers, then an additional two months to complete the recency requirements. Once the fourth month has elapsed a 61.57(g) proficiency check is required for part 91 operations. Part 135 operations will require an NVG competency check conducted by an authorized NVG check airman.
What are the NVG recency requirements of 61.57 (f) (i-iv)
- Six HNVGO’s
- Three takeoffs and landings involving a climb out, cruise, descent, and approach
- Three hovering tasks
- Three area departure and arrivals
- Three transitions
What are the qualifications to be an NVG instructor
61.195(k) CFI Type rated NVG qualified 61.31(k) Logged 100 HNVGO's Logged 20 HNVGO's in cat, class, and type Recency of experience 61.57(f)(g) Logbook Endorsement from FAA ASI
Rod Cells (NVG)
Used for scotopic vision
Identify the outline of shapes and objects
Used in low ambient light and darkness
Low visual acuity
120 million located in the retina
10:1 up to 10,000:1 ratio to neuron cells
Confer achromatic vision
Cone Cells (NVG)
Used for photopic vision
High visual acuity
Concentrated in the fovea
1:1 ratio to neuron cells
Effects of Alcohol (NVG)
(Histotoxic Hypoxia)
Interference with the body’s use of oxygen
One ounce will place you at 2000 feet physiologically
Effects of Tobacco (NVG)
(Hypemic Hypoxia)
Reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen
Smoking causes an increase in carbon monoxide
Places you at 5000 feet physiologically
20% reduction in night vision
Dark Adaptation (NVG)
30-45 minutes
Rhodopsin takes time to increase in the rod cells
Avoid bright light
Wear red lenses if able
Cover one eye if bright light is not avoidable
Cues of Depth Perception (NVG)
Geometric perspective (objects appear to have different shapes when viewed at varying distances and angles)
Retinal Image Size (When an image is focused upon the retina it is perceived to be a certain size by the brain, this is used to determine distance or rate of closure)
Aerial Perspective (When distance is judged by clarity or by a shadow of an object)
Motion Parallax (Relative motion of stationary objects is used to determine distance, far out objects appear to move slow and close in objects appear to move fast)
Relative Motion Illusion (NVG)
The relative motion between you and a nearby object may cause confusion as to who or what is moving. Common over tall grass, water, or low contrast surface.
Crater Illusion (NVG)
Occurs when the searchlight is pointing directly below the aircraft, may cause the illusion that the ground is sloping up in all directions.
False Horizons (NVG)
Illusion can occur due to ground based lights giving false horizontal reference, or caused by sloping clouds. Recovery is reference the instruments.
Height and Depth Perception Illusion (NVG)
Occurs when flying over areas of poor contrast, gives the crew the illusion that they’re higher than they actually are.
Size Distance Illusion (NVG)
Occurs when there is a false perception of distance from an object or the ground. Example: A pilot used to landing on a large runway is likely to fly a lower and faster approach to a smaller runway.
Fascination or Fixation (NVG)
Occurs when a pilot fixates on a landing zone and fails to detect closure rates and or obstructions.
Protecting Night Adaptation (NVG)
When exposed to bright lights the Rhodopsin in the Rods quickly bleaches itself. The duration of the light exposure will dictate how long it will take to restore night vision.
Aircraft Requirements (NVG)
91.205(h) NVG's NVIS lighting system Two way radio system Artificial horizon Generator adequate for the required systems Radar Altimeter
When can you log NVG time?
From the period beginning one hour after sunset to one hour prior to sunrise as specified by the American Air Almanac, when you are the sole manipulator of the controls while using NVG’s to maintain surface reference in an aircraft approved the NVG operations.
How long do you need to keep record of your NVG time?
12 Calendar months
What are the (O) and (M) procedures in the MEL
O procedures indicate that there is an operational requirement that may affect planning or operation of the aircraft with the deferred item.
M procedures require a maintenance action be performed to the aircraft before continued operation may begin with the deferred item.
