Part 4: Organic Compounds 2

Question 1

the study of cells

Answer 1

cytology

Question 2

living organisms are made up of cells, they have basic structural/organizational system, and all cells come from pre-existing cells, simplest structure, physiological processes in body based on cellular activity

Answer 2

cell theory

Question 3

the fluid between the nucleus, thought to be a gelatinous mixture of chemicals

Answer 3

cytoplasm

Question 4

made of 75% phospholipids, 20% cholesterol, 5% glycolipids. defines the boundaries of the cell, governs the interactions with other cells, and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell

Answer 4

plasma membrane

Question 5

system of protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in a cell, serving in physical support, cellular movement, and the routing of molecules and organelles to their destinations

Answer 5

cytoskeleton

Question 6

any structure within a cell that carries out one of its metabolic roles

Answer 6

organelles

Question 7

AKA transmembrane protein. extends through a plasma membrane and contacts both the extracellular and intracellular fluid. hydrophilic on the outsides, hydrophobic on insides. Some float freely while others are attached to the cytoskeleton

Answer 7

integral protein

Question 8

do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to either the outer or inner face of the membrane

Answer 8

peripheral protein

Question 9

respond to chemical messengers

Answer 9

ligand-gated channel

Question 10

respond to changes in electrical potential across the plasma membrane

Answer 10

voltage-gated channel

Question 11

responds to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch and pressure

Answer 11

mechanically-gated channel

Question 12

intracellular signaling that begins outside of the cell

Answer 12

second messenger

Question 13

G-protein relays the signal to this membrane protein. It removes two phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to cyclic AMP (2nd messenger)

Answer 13

adenylate cyclase

Question 14

the second messenger. activates cytoplasmic enzymes

Answer 14

cyclic AMP

Question 15

cytoplasmic enzymes that add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes

Answer 15

Kinase

Question 16

the protein in which the receptor is linked to

Answer 16

G protein

Question 17

composed of CHO moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Its functions include:
Protection
Immunity to infection
Defense against cancer
Transplant compatibility
Cell Adhesion
Fertilization
Embryonic development

Answer 17

glycocalyx

Question 18

extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area

Answer 18

microvilli

Question 19

hairlike processes. move mucus. have a power stroke and a recovery stroke

Answer 19

cilia

Question 20

tail of sperm

Answer 20

flagella

Question 21

cytoplasm filled extensions of the cell. continuously change in shape.

Answer 21

pseudopod

Question 22

Explain why the relationship between cell volume and surface area is important.

Answer 22

The relationship between cell volume and surface area is important to the function of the cell. If a cell is too large, the amount of nutrients needed, the communication within the cell, and other metabolic processes will be much slower and could possibly lead to miscommunication.

Question 23

Describe the structure of a plasma membrane.

Answer 23

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. There are different types of proteins and channels throughout the membrane and on the inner and outer layers. Cholesterol is also found within the membrane, and glycolipids and CHO chains are found on the outside. Right beneath the membrane is the cytoskeleton.

Question 24

Describe the different lipids in the membrane.

Answer 24

98% of the membrane molecules are lipids. 75% of them are phospholipids, 20% is cholesterol, and the final 5% are glycolipids

Question 25

Distinguish between integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

Answer 25

Integral proteins go all the way through the plasma membrane while peripheral proteins sit on the outer and inner parts of the plasma membrane

Question 26

Describe the functions of membrane proteins.

Answer 26

1)Receptors- accept chemical messages, typically specific for one particular message
2)Second Messenger System- involves transmembrane proteins and peripheral proteins
3)Enzymes- carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion, help produce second messengers, break down hormones and other signals
4)Channel Proteins- allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane
5)Carriers- bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane
6)Cell-Identity Markers- identification tag
7) Cell-adhesion molecules- cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material

Question 27

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 27

The glycocalyx is a “fuzzy coat” that all animal cells have. It is chemically unique to everyone but identical twins. It acts like an identification tag that enables the body to distinguish its own healthy cells from transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells

Question 28

What are microvilli, cilia, and flagella?

Answer 28

surface extensions that aid in absorption, movement, and sensory processes.