Part 1: Organization of the Body Flashcards
What is the study of structure?
Anatomy
What is the study of fucntion?
Physiology
When you examine something through touch or feel
Palpitation
To listen to natural sounds made by the body
Auscultation
To tap and listen for abnormalities
Percussion
Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationship
Dissection
structures that can be seen with the naked eye
gross anatomy
what is microscopic anatomy
Histology
microscopic evaluation of tissues for signs of disease
histopathology
study of structure and function of individual cells
cytology
What are the differences between anatomy and physiology? How do these to support each other?
Anatomy refers to the structures of an organism, while physiology is the function of those structures. Without physiology anatomy would have no meaning and without anatomy physiology would not be possible.
Name the method that would be used for each of the following:
1. listening to a patient for a heart murmur
2. studying the microscopic structure of the liver
3. Microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis
4. learning the blood vessels of a cadaver
5. performing a breast self-examination
- Auscultation
- histology
3.Histopathology - Dissection
- Palpation
Who created the code of ethics? and also believed in natural causes of disease?
Hippocrates
Who believed disease came from both natural and supernatural causes?
Aristotle
Most famous Greek physician. Worked with gladiators and was the first to write an influential textbook. Used animal direction to deduce human anatomy.
Galen
Combined his original findings with Galen and Aristotle. Questioned the authority of medicine based on evidence.
Avicenna
Performed his own cadaver dissections. Published the first anatomy textbook.
Vesalius
Remembered for studies of blood circulation.
William Harvey
Deduced that all organisms were made of cells.
Schleiden and Schwann
What is the structure of hierarchy?
atom
molecule
macromolecule (DNA)
organelle
cells
tissue
organ
organelles
organ system
organism
a single, complete individual
organism
group of organs with a unique collective function
organ system
structure of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a specific function
organ
mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs specific functions
tissue
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
cells
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
organelles
variables of physiology
sex
age
weight
diet
degree of physical activity
genetics
environment
the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Homeostasis
the internal state of the body is best described as a _____ _____ (balanced change) in which there is a certain set point or average for a given variable. Ex: 37º C for body temp
dynamic equilibrium
a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanism that negate or reverse it. keeps a variable close to its set point
negative feedback
structure that senses change in the body
receptor
mechanism that processes information, relates it to other available information and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be
integrating (control) center
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
effector
self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
positive feedback
Why are positive feedback loops frequently harmful?
because of its self-amplifying nature it can quickly change the internal state of the body to something far form its homeostatic set point
What is meant by dynamic equilibrium? why would it be wrong to say homeostasis prevents internal change?
Dynamic equilibrium the set point or average in which conditions fluctuate. Homeostasis doesn’t prevent internal change because it is not constant. there are many factors that can cause a variable to be higher or lower. that is why there is a given range rather than one specific number.
Explain why stabilizing mechanisms are called negative feedback.
because it reverses the effect of a stimulus
explain why positive feedback is more likely than negative feedback to disturb homeostasis
because it continuously amplifies a signal which can be dangerous to the internal state of the body. for example: a fever, while this can be a good thing at first if the fever continues to rise it can be life threatening.
