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Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for an emergency C-section?

A

Multiple decelerations with poor rate/variability, sustained bradycardia (<120 BPM for >10 minutes), sinusoidal waveform

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2
Q

What characterizes true labor?

A

Regular uterine contractions with cervical change (effacement)

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of preterm labor?

A

Hypovolemia

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4
Q

What is the definition of preterm delivery?

A

Delivery before 38 weeks gestation

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5
Q

Name two tocolytics used in preterm labor.

A
  • Terbutaline
  • Magnesium Sulfate
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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Magnesium Sulfate?

A

CNS depressant, smooth muscle relaxant

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7
Q

What is the loading dose of Magnesium Sulfate?

A

4-6 grams IV over 30 minutes

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8
Q

What should be monitored for signs of Magnesium toxicity?

A

Decreased DTRs, pulmonary edema

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9
Q

What is the antidote for Magnesium Sulfate toxicity?

A

Calcium Gluconate

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10
Q

What does PROM stand for?

A

Premature Rupture of Membranes

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11
Q

What is the primary concern if PROM occurs in a preterm baby?

A

Prepare for delivery

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12
Q

What is Anaphylactoid Syndrome of Pregnancy?

A

Caused by maternal exposure to fetal cells, not an amniotic fluid pulmonary embolus

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Anaphylactoid Syndrome of Pregnancy?

A
  • Sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain
  • Tachypnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Fever
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14
Q

What is the treatment for Umbilical Cord Prolapse?

A
  • Elevate the cord
  • Use saline soaked gauze
  • Move to Trendelenburg position or knees to chest
  • Give Tocolytics
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15
Q

What does PIH stand for?

A

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

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16
Q

What is HELLP Syndrome?

A

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelets

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17
Q

What are the key signs of PreEclampsia?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Proteinuria
  • Edema
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18
Q

What differentiates Eclampsia from PreEclampsia?

A

Eclampsia includes generalized seizures

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19
Q

What is the first-line treatment for postpartum hemorrhage?

A

Vigorous fundal massage

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20
Q

What is the role of Oxytocin in labor?

A

Facilitates birth after cervix and uterus distension

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21
Q

When should Rhogam be administered?

A
  • At 28 weeks gestation
  • After delivery
  • After any trauma/bleeding
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22
Q

What is the primary cause of maternal death?

A

Trauma

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23
Q

What is the most common cardiac defect in newborns?

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

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24
Q

What is the treatment for neonatal sepsis?

A

Ampicillin + Gentamycin

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25
What are the signs of infant seizures?
* Lip smacking * Tongue thrusting * Eye fluttering * Lowered O2 sats
26
What is the definition of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)?
Surfactant deficiency leading to increased work of breathing
27
What is Omphalocele?
Protrusion of viscera attached to the umbilical cord
28
What is the treatment for Gastroschisis?
* Maintain body temperature * Cover with moist, sterile dressings * Keep NPO * Surgical repair
29
What is the most important factor in febrile seizures?
Rate of temperature increase
30
What does PDA stand for?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
31
What is the primary treatment for closing a PDA?
Indomethacin (Indocin)
32
What are 'Tet Spells' associated with?
Sudden cyanosis and syncope in Tetralogy of Fallot
33
What is the most common cause of seizures in newborns?
Hypoglycemia
34
What is the role of a VP Shunt?
Treatment for increased CSF in congenital hydrocephalus
35
What is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
A congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the septum separating the heart's ventricles.
36
What are 'Tet Spells'?
'Tet Spells' are characterized by sudden cyanosis and syncope.
37
How should a 'Tet Spell' be treated?
Treat with knees to chest and Morphine; if unresolved, perform RSI, intubate, and provide 100% O2.
38
What is the normal structure of an umbilical cord?
An umbilical cord normally has 2 arteries and 1 vein.
39
What does a single artery cord indicate?
If the newborn only has 1 artery and 1 vein in the cord, the renal system is likely to be affected.
40
What is the age range for a Neonate?
Birth to 28 days.
41
What is the age range for an Infant?
29 days to 1 year old.
42
What is the age range for a Toddler?
1 year old to 2 years old.
43
What is the age range for a Child?
>2 years old.
44
What is the formula for calculating ETT Diameter?
ETT Diameter = 16 + (Age / 4).
45
When should a cuffed ETT be used?
If the required ETT size is ≥5.5mm.
46
Fill in the blank: If the required ETT size is <5.5mm, use an _______.
UNCUFFED ETT.
47
What is the '2/3/4 Rule' related to ETT size?
x ETT Size = Suction/NG Foley diameter, ETT Insertion depth, Chest Tube.
48
What is the normal systolic blood pressure formula for children?
Normal Systolic B/P = 90 + (2 x Age).
49
What is the hypotensive systolic blood pressure formula?
Hypotensive Systolic B/P = 70 + (2 x Age).
50
What is the pediatric fluid resuscitation amount for a Neonate/Infant?
10cc/kg for those <1 year old.
51
What is the pediatric fluid resuscitation amount for a Toddler/Child?
20cc/kg for those >1 year old.
52
What is the average circulating blood volume in a child?
80-90 ml/kg.
53
What is the '4/2/1' rule for pediatric maintenance fluids?
1-10 kg: 4cc/kg/hr, 10-20 kg: 2cc/kg/hr, >20 kg: 1cc/kg/hr.
54
What is the D stick threshold for pediatric glucose management?
<60mg/dL.
55
What is the treatment for a Neonate with low blood sugar?
2cc/kg D10.
56
What is the treatment for an Infant/Toddler with low blood sugar?
2cc/kg D25.
57
What is the treatment for a Child with low blood sugar?
2cc/kg D50.
58
What does Stridor indicate?
An inhalation problem involving the upper airway.
59
What does Wheezing indicate?
An exhalation problem involving the lower airway.
60
What is Bronchiolitis?
Swelling of the bronchiole walls, usually not life-threatening and often caused by RSV.
61
What are the symptoms of Bronchiolitis?
Cough, shortness of breath, nasal flaring, wheezing/crackling.
62
What is Croup?
Swelling around the vocal cords, characterized by a 'seal-like' barking cough.
63
What is the treatment for Croup?
Racemic epinephrine and steroids (Decadron).
64
What is Epiglottitis?
Swelling of the epiglottis, which is life-threatening.
65
What are common signs of Epiglottitis?
Sudden onset, drooling, tripod position.
66
What is the typical treatment for Epiglottitis?
Antibiotics and humidified O2.
67
What is the primary concern with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Can cause apnea, especially in those with congenital heart defects.
68
What is Waddel's Triad?
Injury pattern in children hit by a car: car hits them, they hit the car, then they hit the ground.
69
What is the most common cause of traumatic death in pediatrics?
Motor Vehicle Accidents.
70
What is the most commonly injured organ in children during trauma?
The skin.
71
How do children compensate for blood loss?
They do not show signs of hypotension until >25% blood loss, compensating with tachycardia.
72
What are signs of pediatric abuse?
Multiple fractures or bruises in different stages of healing, retinal hemorrhages.
73
What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
MAP = (SBP + (2 x DBP))/3.
74
What is the normal range for MAP?
80 to 100 mmHg.
75
What is Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?
CPP = MAP - ICP.
76
What is the normal ICP value?
0 – 10 mmHg.
77
What does Cushing's Triad indicate?
Results from increased ICP leading to brainstem herniation.
78
What are the components of Cushing's Triad?
Hypertension, Bradycardia, Increased Pulse Pressure.
79
What are the signs of herniation?
Change in LOC, fixed & dilated pupil, decorticate/decerebrate posturing.
80
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Breathing becomes shallower until it stops, then starts again, rapidly increasing to a peak before decreasing.
81
What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis?
Caused by reversing hyponatremia too quickly, leading to brain shrinkage.
82
What is the risk of using hypotonic solutions or glucose in brain injury?
It can worsen brain injuries.
83
What characterizes a Diastatic Fracture?
Fracture along the suture lines of the skull, leading to separation of the sutures.

Flight Abdullah (9 decks)

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