Part 3:Yu

Question 1

requires thorough knowledge of historical grammar and good acquaintance with the daughter languages.

Answer 1

Reconstructing Protolanguages

Question 2

• Is a highly inflected language
• is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which includes a vast array of languages spoken across Europe, Asia, and parts of the Middle East.

Answer 2

Proto Indo European

Question 3

Language in contact signifies the circumstance of two people interacting with each other with two or more language varieties thus, influencing each other. This commonly occurs in language borrowing and convergence, and relexification.

Answer 3

Language in contact

Question 4

The term idiolect – made up of the Greek “idio” which means personal, private along with (dia)lect was coined by linguist Bernard Bloch. In linguistic, idiolects fall under the study of linguistic variation, such as dialects and accents. How an individual speaks in different varieties is called an idiolect. All speakers make use of several idiolects depending on different settings and circumstances of communication.

Answer 4

Idiolects

Question 5

This talks about how people talk in different forms used by members of a regional or ethnic group. All languages spoken by more than one small homogenous community are found to consist of two or more dialects.

Answer 5

Dialect

Question 6

occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other. language contact generally leads to bilingualism or multilingualism.

Answer 6

Language contact

Question 7

The use of more than one language by a speaker within an intercourse with others.

Answer 7

Code switching

Question 8

A word from one language is adapted for use in another

Answer 8

Borrowing

Question 9

A change from the use of one language to the use of another language.

Answer 9

Language shift

Question 10

It is a contact language that doesn’t have any native language, and pidgin has a limited vocabulary and reduced grammar.

Answer 10

Pidgin

Question 11

is a language that comes from a simplified version of another language, or the mix of two or more language.

Answer 11

creole

Question 12

The way language is utilized or manipulated to express meaning in a certain situation or for a specific goal is referred to as style. It includes all the different facets of language, like syntax, vocabulary, tone, and structure, that can be changed or adjusted to accomplish a specific communication goal.

Answer 12

Styles

Question 13

The language used can change dramatically based on the context. For instance, vocabulary used in casual discussion with friends differs from that used in a formal academic work. It’s common to refer to this linguistic variance as “stylistic variation.”

Answer 13

Variation in language

Question 14

Styles fall into many categories based on how formal they are. Informal styles are distinguished by simpler language and may contain slang or colloquialisms, whereas formal styles typically use more complicated vocabulary and grammatical structures.

Answer 14

Formality vs. Informality

Question 15

Word or vocabulary selection can have a big influence on style. Tone and connotation might vary depending on the term used. For instance, a scientific document written in technical jargon communicates a different style than one written in plain, everyday language.

Answer 15

Diction and Vocabulary

Question 16

Textual style can be influenced by sentence structure, including phrase length and complexity. While some styles utilize short, simple sentences, others may use long, complicated ones.

Answer 16

Syntax and Sentence Instructure

Question 17

Language’s emotional content and tone are intimately linked to style. Depending on the tone the author wants to express, a book may, for instance, have an informal, amusing style or a formal, serious style.

Answer 17

Tone and Emotion

Question 18

Authors and presenters frequently employ a variety of rhetorical strategies, like similes, metaphors, alliteration, and hyperbole, to improve the tone and persuasiveness of their writing.

Answer 18

Rhetorical Devices

Question 19

References to other texts or cultural components can also be a part of style

Answer 19

Intertextuality

Question 20

the process by which a creole language gradually becomes more like the standard language of a region (or the acrolect)

Answer 20

Decreolization

Question 21

include the sender, receiver, and those who can perceive speech signals.

Answer 21

Participants

Question 22

location/time where communication happens

Answer 22

Setting

Question 23

mood and context, “psychological setting”, contributes to the setting

Answer 23

scene

Question 24

Typpe of speech act or communication event

Answer 24

Genre

Question 25

overall tone or manner of speech; tonality, pacing, loudness; “tone, manner, or spirit in which an act is done” - Dell Hymes

Answer 25

key

Question 26

The speech community knows what is and what is not appropriate; unspoken rule

Answer 26

Rules of interaction

Question 27

social rules that govern communication; conventions; whether something is socially acceptable or not

Answer 27

Norms of interpretation

Question 28

refers motivation for communicative behavior varies from one occasion to the next. An individual may make an offer or a request, threaten or plead, praise or blame, invite or prohibit some action, reveal or try to conceal something, and so on

Answer 28

channels

Question 29

refers to a framework for communication in a given - speech community. As an academic discipline, it explores the manner in which groups communicate based on societal, cultural, gender, occupational or other factors

Answer 29

codes

Question 30

A paraphrase may be sufficient to indicate the message content, but only the quoting of the exact words can represent adequately the message form of a speech act.

Answer 30

Message content and form

Question 31

in discussing the various components of speech, Hymes used as a mnemonic device the word SPEAKING, whose letters stand for

Answer 31

Speaking

Question 32

where the speech event is located in time and space

Answer 32

Setting and scene

Question 33

who takes part in the speech event, and in what role (e g. speaker, addressee, audience)

Answer 33

Participants

Question 34

what the purpose of the speech event is, and what its outcome is meant to be

Answer 34

Ends

Question 35

what speech acts make up the speech event, and what order they are performed in.

Answer 35

Act sequence

Question 36

the tone or manner of performance (serious or joking, sincere or ironic, etc.)

Answer 36

key

Question 37

hat channel or medium of communication is used (e.g. speaking, signing, writing, drumming, whistling), and what language/variety is selected from the participants’ repertoire

Answer 37

Instrumentalities

Question 38

what the rules are for producing and interpreting speech acts

Answer 38

Norms of interaction

Question 39

what ‘type’ does a speech event belong to (e.g. interview, gossip), and what other pre-existing conventional forms of speech are drawn on or ‘cited’ in producing appropriate contributions to talk.

Answer 39

Genres

Question 40

contextualization cues determine the nature and purpose of verbal exchange during casual interaction.

Answer 40

Casual Atmosphere

Question 41

A remark taken as criticism can lead to a change in tone and indicate a misinterpretation of the original message.
To linguists who would most likely be analyzing unwritten languages spoken by very small, out-of-the-way societies, Ngandi discourse structure might well appear as highly fragmented and unpredictable.

Answer 41

Misinterpretation

Question 42

 The ethnography of speaking according to Dell Hymes is concerned with describing ways of speaking, as they construct and reflect social life within particular speech communities.

Answer 42

Ethnography of speaking