Part 3:Yu Flashcards
requires thorough knowledge of historical grammar and good acquaintance with the daughter languages.
Reconstructing Protolanguages
- Is a highly inflected language
- is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family, which includes a vast array of languages spoken across Europe, Asia, and parts of the Middle East.
Proto Indo European
Language in contact signifies the circumstance of two people interacting with each other with two or more language varieties thus, influencing each other. This commonly occurs in language borrowing and convergence, and relexification.
Language in contact
The term idiolect – made up of the Greek “idio” which means personal, private along with (dia)lect was coined by linguist Bernard Bloch. In linguistic, idiolects fall under the study of linguistic variation, such as dialects and accents. How an individual speaks in different varieties is called an idiolect. All speakers make use of several idiolects depending on different settings and circumstances of communication.
Idiolects
This talks about how people talk in different forms used by members of a regional or ethnic group. All languages spoken by more than one small homogenous community are found to consist of two or more dialects.
Dialect
occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other. language contact generally leads to bilingualism or multilingualism.
Language contact
The use of more than one language by a speaker within an intercourse with others.
Code switching
A word from one language is adapted for use in another
Borrowing
A change from the use of one language to the use of another language.
Language shift
It is a contact language that doesn’t have any native language, and pidgin has a limited vocabulary and reduced grammar.
Pidgin
is a language that comes from a simplified version of another language, or the mix of two or more language.
creole
The way language is utilized or manipulated to express meaning in a certain situation or for a specific goal is referred to as style. It includes all the different facets of language, like syntax, vocabulary, tone, and structure, that can be changed or adjusted to accomplish a specific communication goal.
Styles
The language used can change dramatically based on the context. For instance, vocabulary used in casual discussion with friends differs from that used in a formal academic work. It’s common to refer to this linguistic variance as “stylistic variation.”
Variation in language
Styles fall into many categories based on how formal they are. Informal styles are distinguished by simpler language and may contain slang or colloquialisms, whereas formal styles typically use more complicated vocabulary and grammatical structures.
Formality vs. Informality
Word or vocabulary selection can have a big influence on style. Tone and connotation might vary depending on the term used. For instance, a scientific document written in technical jargon communicates a different style than one written in plain, everyday language.
Diction and Vocabulary
Textual style can be influenced by sentence structure, including phrase length and complexity. While some styles utilize short, simple sentences, others may use long, complicated ones.
Syntax and Sentence Instructure
Language’s emotional content and tone are intimately linked to style. Depending on the tone the author wants to express, a book may, for instance, have an informal, amusing style or a formal, serious style.
Tone and Emotion
Authors and presenters frequently employ a variety of rhetorical strategies, like similes, metaphors, alliteration, and hyperbole, to improve the tone and persuasiveness of their writing.
Rhetorical Devices
References to other texts or cultural components can also be a part of style
Intertextuality
the process by which a creole language gradually becomes more like the standard language of a region (or the acrolect)
Decreolization
include the sender, receiver, and those who can perceive speech signals.
Participants
location/time where communication happens
Setting
mood and context, “psychological setting”, contributes to the setting
scene
Typpe of speech act or communication event
Genre
overall tone or manner of speech; tonality, pacing, loudness; “tone, manner, or spirit in which an act is done” - Dell Hymes
key
The speech community knows what is and what is not appropriate; unspoken rule
Rules of interaction
social rules that govern communication; conventions; whether something is socially acceptable or not
Norms of interpretation
refers motivation for communicative behavior varies from one occasion to the next. An individual may make an offer or a request, threaten or plead, praise or blame, invite or prohibit some action, reveal or try to conceal something, and so on
channels
refers to a framework for communication in a given - speech community. As an academic discipline, it explores the manner in which groups communicate based on societal, cultural, gender, occupational or other factors
codes
A paraphrase may be sufficient to indicate the message content, but only the quoting of the exact words can represent adequately the message form of a speech act.
Message content and form
in discussing the various components of speech, Hymes used as a mnemonic device the word SPEAKING, whose letters stand for
Speaking
where the speech event is located in time and space
Setting and scene
who takes part in the speech event, and in what role (e g. speaker, addressee, audience)
Participants
what the purpose of the speech event is, and what its outcome is meant to be
Ends
what speech acts make up the speech event, and what order they are performed in.
Act sequence
the tone or manner of performance (serious or joking, sincere or ironic, etc.)
key
hat channel or medium of communication is used (e.g. speaking, signing, writing, drumming, whistling), and what language/variety is selected from the participants’ repertoire
Instrumentalities
what the rules are for producing and interpreting speech acts
Norms of interaction
what ‘type’ does a speech event belong to (e.g. interview, gossip), and what other pre-existing conventional forms of speech are drawn on or ‘cited’ in producing appropriate contributions to talk.
Genres
contextualization cues determine the nature and purpose of verbal exchange during casual interaction.
Casual Atmosphere
A remark taken as criticism can lead to a change in tone and indicate a misinterpretation of the original message.
To linguists who would most likely be analyzing unwritten languages spoken by very small, out-of-the-way societies, Ngandi discourse structure might well appear as highly fragmented and unpredictable.
Misinterpretation
The ethnography of speaking according to Dell Hymes is concerned with describing ways of speaking, as they construct and reflect social life within particular speech communities.
Ethnography of speaking
