Gelo Flashcards
- A branch of linguistic that studies the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.
Focuses on objective/general meaning rather tha
Semantics
HE BASIC, ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF MEANING THAT ARE CONVEYED BY THE LITERAL USE OF WORDS.
Conceptual meaning
THE IDEA, CONNECTION OF WHAT A SPECIFIC WORD BRINGS TO A PERSON, IT ALSO DEALS WITH THE CONCEPTS WE ADD TO A WORD
Associative meaning
Refers to ‘categories’ that allows us to classify the meaning of a word.
We use (+) if the word contains that particular feature and (-) if not.
Semantic features
the semantic role of a person or thing who is the doer of an event
agent
the entity that is moved by the action and it is also an entity that whose location is being described
theme
role of being acted upon by and agent. It is being affected by what happens to it, wherein it is often undergoing some change of state.
Patient
also called benefactive. Is is the living entity that benefits from the action of verb.
Beneficiary
are the relationships between words in language. It describe the relationships between the anings of words.
Lexical relations
refers to the pairing or grouping of words that frequently occur together in a language.
Collocation
or also known as “corpora” is a large collection of texts, spoken or written, typically stored as database in a computer
Corpus linguistics
a major study of linguistics that defines the hidden meanings of a writer and speaker towards the conjoining effort of linguistic form. It is stated along with its user. Within pragmatics the importance is usually given to a contextual meaning, where every other meaning of given context is referred to speaker as well as writer that wishes to state something
Pragmatics
Literal meaning of a word or a sentence. The meaning of a word can be known by looking at the words surrounding it within a sentence. Linguistic Context is considered to be the domain of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax, Linguistic context talks about context that is within the language.
Linguistic context
Requires knowledge of the real world. Refers to context that is outside the language.
Non-linguistic context
The word Deixis was derived from the Greek word “Deiktikos”meaning “to point something” anything
Deixis
is the act in which the listener uses additional information to make sense of what is not explicit in an utterance. B
Inference
that anyone or anything can be a referent as long as they will fit the said description from the referring expression.
Attributive use
is distinct or different from Attributive use. If attributive use can have any referents, in referential use, the speaker already has a person in mind.
Referential use
is just a linguistic part of the environment in which a referring expression is used.
Co-text
is perhaps more easily recognized as having a powerful impact on how referring expressions are to be interpreted. Context is the physical environment or the linguistic settings where the referring expression is stated.
context
If you put the antecedent anywhere but it’s initial position, which is in the introductory part, it is called
Cathapora
s an implicit assumption about the background relating to an utterance. It is something that the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance.
presupposition
is wanting others to like and appreciate you, like self-esteem.
positive face
is about protecting your personal rights, like freedom of speech and action.
negative face
involves making someone feel good about themselves.
Positive politeness
entails ensuring the other person doesn’t feel imposed upon or taken advantage of.
Negative politeness
describes features of grammar and vocabulary, as well as aspects of pronunciation
Dialect
When a number of isoglosses come together a more solid line can be drawn, which indicates a dialect boundary.
Dialect boundaries
is the ability to speak two languages.
Bilingualism
however, doesn’t have to be the result of political dominance by a group using a different language.
Individual bilingualism
Two distinct varieties of a language, called Diglossia, exists in some countries.
Diglossia
not formally learned.
Its speakers don’t formally learn grammar and writing.
It’s learned as a spoken language.
low variety
It’s learned at school
Its speakers learn how to write, and learn grammar rules
High variety
aspects of the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of a variety of a language, in contrast to accent.
Dialect
a continuous whole, quantity, or series.
Continuum
the gradual merging of one regional variety of a language into another
Dialect continuum
Being capable of speaking two dialects.
Bidialectal
a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two official languages, in contrast to monolingual
Bilingual
A term used for a line drawn on a dialect map which marks off an area which uses a particular variant from another neighbouring area which uses a different variant.
Isoglasses
is the branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of dialects within a language. It examines regional, social, and historical variations in language, investigating differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
Dialectology
is an ‘idealized variety’ of a language that is considered the dominant or prestige variety within a language that is held up by prescriptive grammarians and purists.
Standard language
The greater the social distance between the speaker and the listener, the more politeness is expected. The greater the listener’s perceived relative power over the speaker, the more politeness is recommended. The greater the imposition on the listener, the higher level of politeness is required.
Sociological variables
The action performed by a speaker with an utterance.
Speech act
type of communication where the speaker’s Intention is clear and explicit, such as making a request, giving a command, or asking a question directly.
direct speech act
involves conveying a message implicitly, often through indirect language or by implying meaning without explicitly stating it.
Indirect speech act
The act of producing sounds and words to form a meaningful utterance.
Locutionary act
The speaker’s intention or purpose behind the utterance
Illocutionary act
The effect of the speech act on the listener.
Perlocutionary act
these are the presuppositions of existence. Can be present in possessive constructions
Existential Presuppositions
assumptions that something is true because of the presence of some verbs. Factive means that information given is true or a fact.
Factive presuppositions
assumptions that are not true because of the presence of some verbs.
Non-Factive Verbs: Dream, Imagine, and Pretend.
Non-factive presuppositions
assumptions are not only true but also the opposite of what is true.
Contrafactual presuppositions
assumption that when one word is used, another meaning is understood. A particular word is taken to presuppose another unstated concept.
lexical prusuppositions
because of the structure of some sentences, the information given in them are assumed to be true. They are constructed with “wh” questions
Structural presuppositions
related Meanings
Polysemy
NOT Related Meanings
Hamonyms
is the clever or witty use of words; it is also called play-on-words; to enhance the beauty of text
Word play
“metōnymía”, “CHANGE OF NAME”
metonomy
Different written forms with the same pronunciation.
homophones
one of a pair of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view. A word from the pair can’t exist without the other.
relational antonyms
define words that are at opposite ends of a spectrum with some gradtion between the two extremes.
Gradable antonyms
- are opposite words which have only one possible alternative.
Complementary antonyms
The meaning of synonymous words are exactly the same.
absolute synonyms
when words have very closely related meanings. The meaning are not exactly same.
partial synonyms
sentences maybe produced with other sentences inside them.
refers to the technique of sentences containing other sentences within them. This nesting of sentences can create complex and intricate structures, allowing for sophisticated communication and expression of ideas.
Recursion
