Part 2:Yu Flashcards
occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporated into another
Insertion
occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both at the grammatical and lexical level
Alternation
refers to the situation where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language
Congruaent lexicalization
is essentially a language variety or dialect used in communication.
code
t is the process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or dialect) to another, depending on the social context or conversational setting.
Code switching
People switch languages to include or exclude other people from the conversation.
Directive function
People include the embedded language in order to express some part of their identity.
Expressive function
Someone is unable to express an idea easily in one language and switches to other languages in order to express it more easily.
Referential function
Sometimes a speaker switches languages or repeat something in both languages in order to emphasize it.
Phatic function
Reporting something in the other language, or commenting on something said in the other language.
Metalinguistic function
The speaker says certain words or makes jokes in the embedded language for amusement or humor.
Poetic function
refers to groups of languages that share a common ancestral language. These languages are considered related because they have evolved over time from a single, ancient source. Language families are a fundamental concept in historical linguistics, allowing linguists to trace the historical development and relationships between languages.
Language families
Language isolates are languages that stand alone, with no known linguistic relatives or connections to other languages
These languages exist in isolation, without any apparent historical or genetic links to other languages in their region or beyond.
Language Isolates
n the study of Native American languages, linguist Edward Sapir in the 1920s tried to make things simpler by grouping them into six major language groups. This idea aimed to make research easier but also raised questions about preserving each language’s uniqueness and cultural importance.
New world simplication
macrofamily in linguistics is like a super-extended family of languages, suggesting that various language families could have a very distant common ancestor
Nostratic And macrofamily
is code-switching in which switches occur within a clause or sentence boundary. Switching language in one sentence
Intra-sentenial
is code switching with sentence tags that they precede or follow a sentence
emblematic
It is the embedding of language of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (free morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.
Code mixing
members of the group with most social status, for example tend to introduce changes into a speech community from neighboring communities which have greater status prestige in their eyes.
Social Status
differences in women’s and men’s speech are a source of variation which can result in linguistic change.
Gender
Interaction and contact between people is crucial in providing the channels for linguistic change [social networks].
Interaction
Some researcher belief that media has a great influence on people’s speech patterns and new forms.
Media
are referred to the causes from the nature language itself while the external reasons are reffered to the situations found in the society using the language that trigger the change.
The internal reasons
is the influence of a sound on a neighboring sound so that the two become similar or the same
Assimilation
works the other way around; one of two identical or very similar neighboring sounds of a word is changed or omitted.
Dissimilation
The transposition of sounds, letters and syllables in a word.
Metathesis
Much more common than orthographic borrowings are lexical borrowing, known as Loanwords
Loanwords and Borrowing
a new word, usage or expressions; the coining or use of new words
Neologism
a way of extending the literal meaning of a word, phrase or a expression to; something different from what it originally means.
Semantic Extensions
refers to how languages arrange words in a sentence to convey meaning.- Languages with different word orders can express the same ideas but in different ways.
Word order
involve adding prefixes, suffixes, or other markers to words to indicate their grammatical roles and meanings.-Languages that heavily rely on inflections often have fewer fixed rules for word order.
Inflections
are a type of language that express various grammatical meanings by adding separate morphemes, such as prefixes or suffixes, to a base or root word. Each morpheme in an agglutinative language typically represents a single grammatical meaning, and these morphemes are added one after another in a linear fashion.”
Agglutinative languages
an involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic change) or more general change to the speech sounds that exist (phonological change), such as merger of two sounds are the creation of a new sound. Sound changes occur in languages due to a combination of phonetic, phonological, historical, social, and psychological factors.
Sound change
is a type ofaphaeresis or apheresis, a noun describing the loss of a sound or syllable from the beginning of a word; the opposite of aphesis isprothesis.
aphesis
refers to the omission or loss of one or more sounds or syllables from the end of a word
apocope
refers to the specific sounds or phonetic features that surround a particular sound or phoneme within a word or utterance
Phonetic environment
- refers to a type of language change where speakers adjust words or forms in a language to make them more consistent with other similar words or forms.
Analogical change
- Spanish, lipreading, and fingerspelling of the Spanish word
Home sign
his pertains to the vast variety of language in different settings of saying the same thing. As great as diversity in this field is as speakers may vary in pronunciation, word choice, or morphology, boundaries are still to be made for linguistics in variation does not regard identical to language ungrammaticality.
Language variation
Language in contact signifies the circumstance of two people interacting with each other with two or more language varieties thus, influencing each other. This commonly occurs in language borrowing and convergence, and relexification.
Language in contact
