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1. MSU-GSC > PART 2: SWC Engineering > Flashcards

PART 2: SWC Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

application of engineering and biological principles to the solution of soil and water management problems

A

Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

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2
Q

utilization of resources without or minimal waste

A

Conservation

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3
Q

maintaining the quality unchanged

A

Preservation

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4
Q

two most important natural resources where nature and agricultural production rely on

A

Soil (land) and water

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5
Q

Uses of water: AADIPRe

A
  • agricultural production
  • aquaculture
  • domestic
  • industrial/commercial
  • power supply
  • recreation
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6
Q

Sources of water: PSBG

A
  • precipitation
  • surface of water
  • bodies of water
  • groundwater
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7
Q

Total land area of the PH

A

300,000 km2 or 30,000,000 has

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8
Q

NIA estimate
- 1/3 of land is ____ potential for irrigation

A

arable

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9
Q

BSWM

A

Bureau of Soil and Water Management

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10
Q

under DA, implements projects; development of small-scale irrigation projects

A

Bureau of Soil and Water Management

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11
Q

are those with slope of less or equal to 18% and which could have applicability and effective use of agricultural machineries for production

A

arable land

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12
Q

are those non-alienable land

A

non-arable lands

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13
Q

in-charge in large irrigation projects

A

NIA

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14
Q

World Bank estimated _____ of arable land.

A

4.6M hectare

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15
Q

____ were provided with irrigation facilities which translate to 39.13% irrigation efficiency.

A

1.2M has

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16
Q

Factors Affecting Productivity of Land and Water Resources: PLCLP

A
  • Poverty
  • Land Tenure
  • Conversion of arable land to other uses
  • Lack of appropriate technology for conservation processes
  • Political will of government to enforce and/or implement policies on conservation
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17
Q

is the detachment and transport of soil particles by natural or anthropogenic causes

A

soil erosion

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18
Q

the susceptibility of the soil to be eroded

A

soil erodibility

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19
Q

the capacity of rainfall to cause erosion

A

rainfall erosivity

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20
Q

eroding agents

A

rainfall/raindrop, runoff, wind

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21
Q

Environmental impacts of soil erosion

A

on-site impacts
off-site impacts

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22
Q

ON-SITE IMPACTS (RRIDID)

A
  1. Reduce crop productivity due to loss of topsoil
  2. Reduced infiltration rate, percolation, and subsurface/aquifer recharge
  3. Increased direct runoff
  4. Decreased land value
  5. Increased local temperature
  6. Damaged biodiversity (flora and fauna)
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23
Q

OFF-SITE IMPACTS (SRFDD)

A
  1. Situation in farms, rivers, etc., and other water channels and water control and detention structures
  2. Reduced water capacity of rivers, water channels, and dams…
  3. Flooding of downstream
  4. Decreased water supply (fresh)
  5. Damaged biodiversity
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24
Q

Forms of Classification of Erosion based on nature of occurrence (NM)

A
  1. natural or geologic erosion
  2. man-made or accelerated erosion
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25
Q

Forms of Classification of Erosion based on relative place of occurrence (SuSub)

A

surface erosion
subsurface erosion

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26
Q

Forms of Classification of Erosion based on eroding agent (WaWi)

A

water erosion (rainfall e., runoff e.)
wind erosion

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27
Q

Forms of Classification of Erosion based on sequential occurrence (SIRGS)

A

sheet erosion
interill erosion
rill erosion
gully erosion
streambank erosion

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28
Q

is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers from sloping land, resulting from sheet or overland flow

A

sheet erosion

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29
Q

is splash and sheet erosion combined

A

interill erosion

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30
Q

is the detachment of soil by a concentrated flow of water

A

rill erosion

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31
Q

produces channels larger than rills called gullies, and which cannot be obliterated by normal tillage

A

gully erosion

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32
Q

consists of soil removal from stream banks or soil movement in channel

A

streambank erosion

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33
Q

mechanics of soil erosion

A

Rainfall erosion
Runoff or scour erosion
Gully erosion

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34
Q

includes detachment (by impact) & transport of soil by raindrop

A

rainfall erosion

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35
Q

Factors affecting the detachment and transport of soil particles by raindrops (CSTV)

A

Climatic factors
Soil Characteristics
Topography
Vegetation and Plant Cover

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36
Q

rainfall characteristics (DIDT)

A

Drop size and size distribution
Intensity
Duration
Terminal Velocity

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37
Q

quantifies the erosivity pf raindrops

A

terminal velocity

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38
Q

Climatic factors

A

rainfall characteristics
wind

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39
Q

Soil Characteristics (TSOSC)

A

Texture
Structure
Organic matter content
Soil moisture content
Compactness (porosity)

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40
Q

higher OM, _____

A

lower soil erosion

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41
Q

Topography (SgSl)

A

Slope gradient
Slope length

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42
Q

includes detachment (by scouring) and transport of soil

A

runoff or scour erosion

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43
Q

factors affecting the detachment and transport of soil particles by runoff

A

rainfall characteristics
soil characteristics and geology

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44
Q

rainfall characteristics

A

intensity
duration
topography
vegetation
conservation practices
presence of depression
channel geometry

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45
Q

soil characteristics and geology (TSIO)

A

texture
structure
initial MC
organic matter

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46
Q

bigger than rills and cannot be obliterated by ordinary tillage

A

gully erosion

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47
Q

classification of gully based on size: small

A

depth: < or eq to 1 m
drainage area: < or eq to 2 ha

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48
Q

classification of gully based on size: medium

A

depth: 1-5 m
drainage area: 2-20 ha

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49
Q

classification of gully based on size: large

A

depth: >5 m
drainage area: ?20 ha

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50
Q

classification of gully based on channel slope

A

V and U-shaped

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51
Q

classification of gully based on morphology (LBDTPC)

A

Linear
Bulbons
Dendritic
Trellis
Parallel
Compound

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52
Q

stage of gully development

A
  1. channel erosion by downward scour of the top soil
  2. upward movement of gully head and enlargement of the gully width
  3. healing stage
  4. stabilization stage
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53
Q

rate of topsoil formation

A

25 mm of soil every 30 years

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54
Q

factors considered in determining soil erosion limit

A
  1. rate of topsoil formation
  2. thickness
  3. parent material
  4. productivity level of soil
  5. previous rate of soil erosion
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55
Q

methods of soil erosion movement

A
  1. soil erosion plots
  2. rainfall simulator
  3. catchment-based or watershed-based method
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56
Q

soil erosion plots standard conditions

A

bare fallow, 9% slope, 72.6 ft length

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57
Q

SDR

A

Sediment Delivery Ratio

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58
Q

fraction of sheet and rill erosion that actually reaches the reference point of discharge

A

Sediment Delivery Ratio

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59
Q

USLE

A

Universal Soil Loss Equation

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60
Q

RUSLE

A

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

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61
Q

MUSLE

A

Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation

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62
Q

WEPP Model

A

Water Erosion Prediction Project

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63
Q

planting along contours or land surface with same elevation

A

contouring

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64
Q

alternate planting of 2 or more different crops along contours

A

stripcropping

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65
Q

placement of crop residues, plastic, or other synthetic materials around the base plant or throughout the field to reduce evaporation from land surface

A

mulching

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66
Q

retarding vegetation planted alternately with rows of crops, along contours

A

hedgerows and grass boundary

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67
Q

alternating planting of different crops on successive plating seasons

A

crop rotation

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68
Q

a minimum tillage practice in which the crop is sown directly into soil not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop

A

zero tillage/dribble planting

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69
Q

reduces velocity and increasing time for infiltration

A

terracing

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70
Q

types of terracing

A
  1. bench terrace
  2. forward-sloped terrace
  3. reverse-sloped terrace
  4. irrigation/basin terrace
  5. eyebrow or orchard terrace
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71
Q

impounding structures and reservoirs; reduce velocity and modulate volume of water; SWIPs AND EBERTING

A

runoff storage or detention structure

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72
Q

engineering and mechanical method used for gullies, streams, and other water channels; use of grassed waterways

A

protected waterways

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73
Q

structure across a stream to control or divert the flow; device for measuring the flow of water

A

weir

74
Q

water conveyance and control structure with a considerable slope, conveying water from a higher to a lower elevation

A

chute

75
Q

water conveyance and control structure with a 90 degree water drop

A

drop spillway

76
Q

water conveyance and control structure with water inlet mechanism

A

drop inlet

77
Q

cut-offs and detour channels

A

diversion channels

78
Q

is a natural or artificial channel that shortens a meandering stream

A

cut-offs

79
Q

is a synthetic permeable textile material used with soil, rock, or any other geotechnical engineering related material

A

geotextile

80
Q

also called geosynthetics that is an effective erosion control and can be used together with rock or other riprap material and placed along a streambank

A

geotextiles

81
Q

developed by Wischmeier in 1962 and his associates and has been widely accepted as a means of assessing long-term average soil loss

A

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)

82
Q

In this equation, daily precipitation data were used for estimating rainfall erosivity indices

A

Modified Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)

83
Q

an improved version of the USLE for predicting sheet and rill erosion

A

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)

84
Q

is a process-based, distributed parameter, continuous computer simulation model designed for predicting water-induced soil erosion either on a hillslope or watershed-scale

A

WEPP Model (Water Erosion Prediction Project)

85
Q

entrainment of solid material into a water body or channel and its further effects and consequences

A

sediment transport

86
Q

process of deposition of sediment to downstream location

A

sedimentation

87
Q

rate of sediment flow (mass/time, i.e. kg/s)

A

sediment load or discharge

88
Q

total mass of sediment, usually expressed per year

A

sediment yield

89
Q

sediment or soil particle suspended in the water body and has more harmful effect due to its higher transportability

A

suspended load

90
Q

sediment near or few inches from the stream bed and move by crawling or sliding

A

bed load

91
Q

sediment transported by saltation or jumping

A

saltation

92
Q

suspended and saltation load

A

wash load

93
Q

the percentage of incoming sediment retained in the reservoir

A

trap efficiency

94
Q

is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface

A

open channel

95
Q

flow having a free surface and subjected to atmospheric pressure

A

open channel flow

96
Q

flow confined in a closed conduit, has no free surface and exerts no direct pressure but hydraulic pressure only

A

pipe flow

97
Q

if the depth of flow does not change pr it can be assumed to be constant during the time interval under consideration

A

steady flow

98
Q

for steady flow, the discharge is ____ throughout the reach of the channel under consideration, thus, the flow is _____

A

constant, continuous

99
Q

if the depth changes with time

A

unsteady flow

100
Q

if the depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel

A

steady uniform flow

101
Q

if the depth of flow changes along the length of the channel

A

varied/non-uniform flow

102
Q

water runs in or out along the course of flow

A

spatially varied or discontinuous flow

103
Q

together with gravity, they are the factor that basically affect open channel flow

A

viscosity

104
Q

water particles appear to move in definite smooth paths or streamlines; and infinitesimally thin layers of fluid slide over adjacent layers

A

laminar

105
Q

viscous forces are weak relative to inertial forces

A

turbulent

106
Q

R<500

A

laminar flow

107
Q

R>2000

A

Turbulent flow

108
Q

500<R>2000</R>

A

Transitional flow

109
Q

usually a long and mild-sloped channel built in the ground which maybe lined or unlined

A

canal

110
Q

include all watercourses that exist naturally on the earth

A

natural

111
Q

those constructed or developed by human

A

artificial

112
Q

lining of this maybe stone masonry, concrete, or wood

A

canal

113
Q

is a channel made of wood, metal, or concrete supported above the surface of the ground to carry water across a depression

A

flume

114
Q

channel having a steep slope

A

chute

115
Q

similar to chute, but the change in elevation is effected in a short distance

A

drop

116
Q

a covered channel of comparatively short length installed to drain water through a highway and railroad embankments

A

culvert

117
Q

comparatively long covered channel used to carry water through a hill or any obstruction on the ground

A

open-channel tunnel

118
Q

water is brought from streams or reservoirs to storage ponds or tanks or directly to the irrigated land

A

irrigation

119
Q

low-lying, swampy, or waterlogged lands are made productive by draining them through open ditches or by laying and covering pipe which may or not flow full

A

drainage

120
Q

protection of residential areas and valuable lands from floods often requires improving a natural channel by straightening….

A

flood control

121
Q

water is brought from stream or storage reservoirs to ponds

A

domestic water supply

122
Q

water is brought from streams to headworks above power plants

A

waterpower development

123
Q

usually are covered conduits or pipes; are not supposed to flow

A

sewerage

124
Q

a channel built with uniform cross-section and constant bottom slope

A

prismatic channel

125
Q

is the vertical distance of the lowest point of a channel section from the free surface

A

depth of flow (y)

126
Q

is the elevation or vertical distance of the free surface above a datum

A

stage

127
Q

is the width of the channel section at the free surface

A

top width

128
Q

is the cross-sectional area of the flow normal to the direction of flow

A

water area

129
Q

the length of the line of intersection of the channel wetted surface with a cross-sectional plane normal to the direction of flow

A

wetted perimeter

130
Q

ratio of water area to its wetted perimeter

A

hydraulic radius

R=A/P

131
Q

ratio of the water area to the top width

A

hydraulic depth

D=A/T

132
Q

the flow specific energy is minimum for a given discharge and the discharge is maximum for a given specific energy

A

the critical flow

133
Q

Presented in 1889 by Irish engineer Robert Manning. It is the formula generally used in open channel conditions

A

manning’s formula

134
Q

these are lined and built-up channels which can withstand erosion satisfactorily

A

non-erodible chanel

135
Q

purpose of lining the channel

A
  1. to prevent erosion
  2. to check seepage losses
136
Q

it is the velocity that will not start sedimentation and will not induce the growth of aquatic plants and moss

A

minimum permissible velocity/non-silting velocity

137
Q

The side slope of a channel depends mainly on the kind of material. Other factors to be considered include,

A
  1. method of construction
  2. condition of seepage loss
  3. climatic change
  4. channel size
138
Q

the vertical distance from the top of the channel to the water at the design condition

prevent waves or fluctuations in water surface

A

freeboard

139
Q

it is the channel section having the least wetted perimeter for a given area and maximum conveyance

A

best hydraulic section

140
Q

the greatest mean velocity that will not cause erosion of the channel body

A

maximum permissible velocity method

141
Q

the pull of water on the wetted area

A

tractive force

142
Q

in uniform flow, this is equal to the effective component of the gravity force acting on the body of water, parallel to the channel bottom

A

tractive force

143
Q

the average tractive force per unit wetted area

A

unit tractive force

144
Q

the manning coefficient of roughness for grassed channels

A

retardance coefficient

145
Q

the total land area that contributes to the flow of a particular water body and drains to a common outlet

A

watershed

146
Q

is the divide between two areas drained by different river systems

A

watershed

147
Q

are the natural drainage areas within the boundary defined by the watershed divide

A

catchments and basins

148
Q

are essentially the same, but basin is most often used to describe a region drained by a large river system

A

watershed and catchments

149
Q

the process of guiding and organizing land and other resources uses in a watershed to provide desired goods and services without adversely affecting soil and water resources

A

watershed management

150
Q

ideally an approach where the strategy is to prevent watershed resource degradation from occuring

A

prevention

151
Q

as a rule, land use management practices are strongly influenced by the

A
152
Q

an inundation or overflow from river or other bodies of water

excess amount of water or water level in a stream channel above its capacity

A

flood

153
Q

low lying areas which are frequently flooded

A

flood plain

154
Q

refers to the reduction of flood hazards and the ensuing damage to any given region of a flood plain to a minimum, consistent to the cost involved

A

flood protection/flood damage mitigation

155
Q

the distinction between normal discharge and flood-flow is generally determined by ____

A

the stage of the steam when bankful

156
Q

floods that occur form storms of low intensity having a duration of a few days to several weeks

A

large-area floods

157
Q

floods that occur from storms of high intensity having a duration of 1 day or less

A

small-area floods

158
Q

works concerning the improvement of channel/stream cross-section, alignment, longitudinal slope, and roughness, thus, increasing velocity

A

stream training and regulation

159
Q

flood routing to storage or detention reservoir

A

reduction of peak discharge

160
Q

storage confinement for other water use

A

storage reservoir (dam)

161
Q

structure or provision to reduces the peak discharge of flood by temporarily delaying the flow and reducing the velocity

A

detention reservoir

162
Q

use of a pre-determined channel

A

confinement of the flood plain

163
Q

diversion of excess water through flood by-pass and back to the stream or to another channel catchment

A

flood wave attenuation

164
Q

include vegetation management, and soil and water conservation structures

A

land management

165
Q

mapping of flood-prone areas with probability of flood levels

A

flood plain zoning and managament

166
Q

includes all measures that will reduce flood flows in watershed of small rivers and their tributaries

A

headwater flood control

167
Q

measures that reduces the impacts of flood in the outlets and lower the reaches of the watershed

A

downstream flood control

168
Q

include those that affect the channel itself and those that reduce sediment from upper tributaries

A

preventive maintenance

169
Q

is the process of determining the stage height, storage volume, and outflow rate from a reservoir

A

flood routing

170
Q

operates automatically by discharging through one or more fixed openings in the dam

A

detention reservoir

171
Q

the percentage of incoming sediment retained in the reservoir

A

trap efficiency

172
Q

are embarkments along streams or on flood plains designed to confine the river flow to a definite width for the protection of surrounding land from overflow

A

levees

173
Q

sometimes referred to as jetties, serve to decrease the velocity along the concave bank to the protect the bank, thereby reducing deposition below

A

retards

174
Q

these are measures of prevent stream bank erosion

A

vegetative or mechanical control

175
Q

is the process of determining the stage height, storage volume, and outflow from a reservoir or a stream reach for a particular inflow hydrograph

A

flood routing

176
Q

same as runoff hydrographs

A

inflow hydrographs

177
Q

represents the depth-discharge relation of the reservoir spillway structure or the lower end of a stream reach

A

outflow hydrograph

178
Q

represents the depth-capacity relation pf a reservoir above the elevation of some arbitrarily selected stage

A

available storage

179
Q

shows the rate of outflow (spillway discharge) as a function of time

A

outflow hydrograph

180
Q

is designed to carry all the frequent discharges

A

principal spillway

181
Q

is usually an open channel and is designed to operate for a short time during which flood flows exceed the capacity of the other spillways

A

flood spillway

182
Q

another factor of safety, is always provided to prevent waves or any other water from overtopping the dam

A

freeboard

1. MSU-GSC (13 decks)

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