PART 2: FARM IRRIGATION ANG DRAINAGE

Question 1

used in the irrigation of row crops with furrows developed between the crop rows in planting and cultivating processes.

Answer 1

furrow irrigation

Question 2

higher lps, greater furrow width

Answer 2

stream size

Question 3

commonly used for irrigating non-cultivated, close-growing crops, or in conjunction with border irrigation

Answer 3

corrugation

Question 4

makes use of parallel ridges to guide a sheet of flowing water as it moves down the slope

Answer 4

border irrigation

Question 5

simplest and most widely used by all surface irrigation methods

Answer 5

basin irrigation

Question 6

uncontrolled application of water

Answer 6

flooding

Question 7

useful in soils having a low-holding capacity and high infiltration rate where surface method cannot be used and sprinkle irrigation is expensive

Answer 7

subsurface irrigation

Question 8

can’t be applied in saline soil or or soil with high accumulation of salts

Answer 8

perforated pipes

Question 9

remains at fixed position while irrigating, and in continuous-move systems

Answer 9

sprinkler irrigation

Question 10

consists of an extensive network of pipes usually of small diameter that filtered water directly to the soil near the plant

Answer 10

trickle/drip irrigation

Question 11

outlet device in pipe

Answer 11

emitter

Question 12

located at water source (reservoir) consist of flow-control valve, measuring devices, pressure control and filters

Answer 12

controlled head

Question 13

recommended operating pressure and nozzle diameter

Answer 13

up to 1/8 in.; 40 psi

Question 14

graphical picture of how rapidly water moves from the inlet end to the downstream of the field

Answer 14

advance curve

Question 15

it is a plot of how the furrows drains after application has been cutoff

Answer 15

recession curve

Question 16

the process intermittently applying water in the surface irrigation

Answer 16

surge flow irrigation

Question 17

deliver water at low flow rates through various types of water applicators by a distribution system located on the soil surface, beneath the surface, or suspended above the ground

Answer 17

microirrigation systems

Question 18

water is applied slowly through small emitter openings to the soil surface

Answer 18

surface trickle

Question 19

water is sprayed over the soil surface to relatively low pressure

Answer 19

spray

Question 20

a small stream of water is applied to flood the soil surface in localized areas

Answer 20

bubbler

Question 21

water is applied through small emitter openings below the soil surface

Answer 21

subsurface trickle

Question 22

consists of water applicators designed directly into or attached to lateral lines that are laid on the soil surface

Answer 22

surface trickle

Question 23

system components

Answer 23

pump station
filtration and chemical injection
main pipelines; manifold pipes
laterals
water applicators

Question 24

designed to dissipate pressure while discharging small uniform flows of water at constant rate

Answer 24

emitters

Question 25

have a long capillary-size tube or channel to dissipate pressure

Answer 25

long-path emitters

Question 26

rely on an individual opening or a series of orifices

Answer 26

orifice emitters

Question 27

rely on vortex principle

Answer 27

vortex emitters

Question 28

line-source tubing common wall thickness

Answer 28

0.008-0.010

Question 29

constructed of porous material with pores of capillary size that ooze water when under pressure

Answer 29

porous-wall tubing

Question 30

has orifices punched through the hose wall or emitters fabricated or inserted at fixed intervals along the hose

Answer 30

single-chamber tubing

Question 31

permit the passage of relatively large particles while operating

Answer 31

continuous-flushing flow emitters

Question 32

discharge water at a constant rate over a wide range of pressure

Answer 32

compensating emitters

Question 33

consists of fine gravel and sand of selected sizes placed in graded layers inside a cylindrical tank

Answer 33

media filters

Question 34

used to remove fine sands or small amount of algae; used where the water is expected to be clean

Answer 34

screen filters

Question 35

___ and ____ created by bacteria can cause severe clogging

Answer 35

algae, slime

Question 36

require setting the desired volume of water to be applied

Answer 36

volumetric valves

Question 37

an important part of starting up the systems after installation and maintaining performance

Answer 37

flushing

Question 38

the percent of the area wetted compared to the entire crop area

Answer 38

wetted area

Question 39

two important components of irrigation requirements

Answer 39

peak irrigation WR
seasonal total IR

Question 40

It represents the irrigation amount required to meet the maximum crop evapotranspiration rate over time period of one to several days

Answer 40

peak irrigation water req

Question 41

is restricted by water rights or other legal limitations

Answer 41

seasonal total irrigation req

Question 42

originates from precipitation on the landscape moving down slope to streams and rivers

Answer 42

surface water

Question 43

precipitation that infiltrates and percolates down through the soil profile

Answer 43

groundwater

Question 44

zone of saturation in substratum capable of yielding enough water to satisfy a particular demand

Answer 44

aquifer

Question 45

it recognizes the right of an owner to make reasonable use of the stream’s flow on the riparian land; owners may use their equitable share of the flow

Answer 45

riparian doctrine

Question 46

it is based upon the priority of development and use; acquired by filing a claim in accordance with state laws

Answer 46

doctrine of prior appropriation

Question 47

water contaminants from animal and human wastes

Answer 47

biological

Question 48

geologically, the loose and discontinuous layers of decayed rock debris overlying solid bedrock which is potential storage medium for water

Answer 48

regolith

Question 49

the uppermost part of the regolith where chemical and physical weathering are the most active

Answer 49

soil

Question 50

the boundary between the unsaturated and the saturated zones

Answer 50

water table

Question 51

groundwater confined under pressure between two impervious layers and may create an artisan condition

Answer 51

confined aquifer

Question 52

holes drilled or dug downward from the soil surface into an aquifer

Answer 52

well

Question 53

the vertical distance from the static water table to the water level at the well

Answer 53

drawdown

Question 54

the horizontal dance from the well to where the water table is not noticeably lowered by drawdown

Answer 54

radius of influence

Question 55

alternately lifts and drops a heavy chisel-shaped steel bit

Answer 55

drilling rig

Question 56

is fastened to pipe that is rotated by a machine

Answer 56

steel bit

Question 57

pump is turned on and off to allow water to surge back into the well thereby drawing fine materials into the well to be removed by pumping during a repeat of the surge

Answer 57

surging

Question 58

allows for complete flexibility on the frequency, and duration of water delivery

Answer 58

demand schedule

Question 59

requires the user to request the rate and duartion of water delivery in advance

Answer 59

arranged schedule

Question 60

all flow entering the small canal is delivered to only one field

Answer 60

rotation schedule

Question 61

mechanical devices for transferring fluids from one place to another

Answer 61

pumps

Question 62

discharge the same volume of water regardless of the head against which they operate

Answer 62

positive displacement pumps

Question 63

has inverse relationship between the discharge rate and the pressure head

Answer 63

variable displacement pumps

Question 64

described as having a to-and-fro motion

Answer 64

reciprocating
- lift pump
- force pump

Question 65

used primarily as source of fluid power in hydraulic systems

Answer 65

rotary

Question 66

most commonly used type of VDP for irrigation

centrifugal force acts on a body mpving in a cicular path, trending to force it further away from the axis of rotation

Answer 66

centrifugal pumps

Question 67

has casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve; was proportioned to change velocity head into pressure head

Answer 67

volute cp

Question 68

the impeller is surrounded by diffuser vanes

Answer 68

diffuser or turbine cp

Question 69

used an impeller which is suspended vertically on a drive shaft within a long discharge pipe

Answer 69

deep well turbine pumps

Question 70

type of pumps close-coupled with a smaller diameter electric motor and operated under submerged conditions

Answer 70

submersible pump

Question 71

are used for low head-high discharge operation; can give high eff compared to CP at heads less than a meter

Answer 71

propeller and mixed flow pumps

Question 72

as used in irrigation consists of a combination of CP a a jet mechanism or ejector

Answer 72

jet pumps

Question 73

is the process of removing air in the suction line of the water pump, done by filling the suction line with liquid which replaces the air in the suction line

Answer 73

priming

Question 74

the quantity of water produced and operating conditions of pumps govern the selection

Answer 74

type of pump

Question 75

the source of available energy for use influences the selection

Answer 75

power

Question 76

determines the types of impeller

Answer 76

water quality

Question 77

characteristic curve and pump performance characteristic curves

Answer 77

the system

Question 78

is a phenomenon in which water boils due to the reduction in water pressuere

Answer 78

cavitation

Question 79

removal of excess water and salts in the area

Answer 79

drainage

Question 80

soil drains naturally; rate of drainage depends on soil characteristics to the condition of the outlet

Answer 80

natural subsurface drainage

Question 81

pipe system installed in subsurface

Answer 81

closed gravity drainage

Question 82

used to collect seepage from canal, reservoir and other manmade facilities

Answer 82

interceptor

Question 83

consist of parallel lateral drains

Answer 83

relief drainage

Question 84

consist of the combination of deep lateral D to a series of shallow unlined mole drains

Answer 84

relief mole drainage

Question 85

bullet-shaped object

Answer 85

moles

Question 86

both clay and concrete

Answer 86

clay-tile

Question 87

standard quality, extra and special quality

Answer 87

concrete tile

Question 88

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene

Answer 88

plastic tubing

Question 89

makes use of steady state condition

Answer 89

hooghoudt’s equation

Question 90

the application of water tp soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential to plant growth

Answer 90

irrigation

Question 91

the ration of the volume of voids to the total volume occupied by soil, water, and air

Answer 91

porosity

Question 92

the percentage of volume of the soil not occupied by soil particles but occupied by water and air

Answer 92

pore space

Question 93

ratio of wt of water to the dry wt of soil

Answer 93

MC on a dry wt. basis

Question 94

ratio of dry wt of soil to the total soil volume

Answer 94

bulk density

Question 95

ratio of dry wt of soil to the volume of soil particles

Answer 95

particle density

Question 96

the ration of the weight of a single soil particles to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the particle of soil

Answer 96

real specific gravity

Question 97

the ratio of weight of a giver volume of dry soil, air space, to the weight of an equal volume of water

Answer 97

apparent specific gravity

Question 98

equivalent depth of water in the soil at a given condition

Answer 98

DOW (present in soil)

Question 99

to increase MC from an initial volume to final volume

Answer 99

DOW (needed)

Question 100

the amount of water a soil profile will held against drainage by gravity at a specified time after through wetting

Answer 100

field capacity

Question 101

the soil moisture content when plants permanently wilt

Answer 101

permanent wilting point

Question 102

the difference in MC of the soil between the field capacity and permanent wilting point

Answer 102

available moisture

Question 103

that portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants this is approximately 75% of the available moisture

Answer 103

readily available moisture (RAM)

Question 104

the time rate at which water will percolate the soil

Answer 104

infiltration rate

Question 105

the rate of infiltration from a furrow into the soil

Answer 105

intake rate

Question 106

the velocity of flow into the soil caused by a unit hydraulic gradient in which the driving force is one pound per pound of water

Answer 106

permeability of the soil

Question 107

the fraction of the irrigation water that must be leached through the root zone to control soil salinity at specified lebel

Answer 107

leaching req

Question 108

is the sum of transpiration and water evaporated from the soil, or exterior portions of the plants where water may have accumulated from irrigation, rainfall, dew,…

Answer 108

evapotranspiration

Question 109

the process by which water vapor escapes from plants, principally the leaves and enter the atmosphere

Answer 109

transpiration

Question 110

sum of evapotranspiration and percolation losses

Answer 110

crop water requirement

Question 111

the quantity of water, exclusive of precipitation, required to maintain desired soil moisture and salinity level during the crop season

Answer 111

Irrigation water req

Question 112

the sum of irrigation req and farm ditch losses

Answer 112

farm water req

Question 113

farm turn-out requirement plus conveyance losses in the main canal and lateral up to farm turn-out

Answer 113

diversion requiremenr

Question 114

the ratio between the water delivered tp the farm to the water diverted from a river or reservoir expressed percent

Answer 114

water conveyance efficiency

Question 115

ratio between water entered in the soil root zone during irrigation to the water delivered to the farm, expressed in %

Answer 115

water application efficiency

Question 116

ratio between water beneficially used on the prroject, farm or field to the amount of water delivered to the farm, expressed in percent

Answer 116

water-use efficiency

Question 117

the ratio of water stored in the root zone during the irrigation to the water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation, expressed in %

Answer 117

water storage eff

Question 118

the ratio of the normal consumptive use of water to the net amount of water depleted from the root-zone soil

Answer 118

consumption use eff

Question 119

the power theoretically required to lift a given qty of water each second to a specified height

Answer 119

water horsepower

Question 120

water horsepower divided by pump eff, in dec

Answer 120

brake horsepower

Question 121

the difference in elevation between the water surface in a pond, lake, or river which pumped water is taken…

Answer 121

static head

Question 122

the sum of total static hand, pressure head, velocity hand, and friction head

Answer 122

total dynamic

Question 123

the difference in elevation between the groundwater table and the water surface at the well when pumping

Answer 123

draw down

Question 124

graphs that shows interrelations between speed, head discharge, and horsepower of a pump

Answer 124

characteristics curve

Question 125

expresses the relationship between speed in rpm, discharge in gpm, and head in ft

Answer 125

specific speed

Question 126

structural devices to retard velocity of flowing water

Answer 126

baffles

Question 127

elevated land that confines waters of a stream to their natural channel in normal course of flow

Answer 127

bank

Question 128

structure provided with a series of gates erected across a river to regulate water surface level and flow upstream

Answer 128

barrage

Question 129

structural device designed to hold a pool of water to cushion the impact and retard the flow of falling water as from an overflow weir, chute, or srop

Answer 129

basin, stilling

Question 130

a shelf pathway constructed on the slope of the canal bank

Answer 130

berm

Question 131

temporary channel, constructed to divert stream flow, made during construction for purpose of dewatering the site…

Answer 131

bypass cannal

Question 132

channel or waterway artificially constructed or maintained for conveying water or for connecting two or more bodies of water

Answer 132

canal

Question 133

artificially constructed embankments of a canal usually with designed top widths and side slopes

Answer 133

canal banks

Question 134

ratio of vertical drop to horizontal distance of a given stretch of canal

Answer 134

canal grade

Question 135

plan of the canal system in an irrigation project

Answer 135

canal layout

Question 136

finished surface layer installed on the inside slopes of canal banks and on the bed of the canal to prevent excessive seepage…

Answer 136

canal lining

Question 137

fixing of the traverse lines along which a canal is to pass

Answer 137

canal location

Question 138

loss of water in a canal through effluent seepage

Answer 138

canal seepage

Question 139

designed volume of flow or capacity of a canal

Answer 139

canal supply

Question 140

contracted measuring weir in which sides of the trapezoidal weir have a slope of one horizontal to 4 vertical to compensate for end contraction

Answer 140

cipolleti weir

Question 141

any temporary watertight structure constructed to shut off water from a construction site

Answer 141

cofferdam

Question 142

small stream that serves as natural outlet for drainage of basins of nominal size

Answer 142

creek

Question 143

top of a dam, dike, etc., frequently restricted to overflow portion

Answer 143

crest

Question 144

instrument for measuring velocity of water by ascertaining speed at which the stream of water rotates the vane or wheel of the meter

Answer 144

current meter

Question 145

any structure to reduce percolation of water under surfaces of a structure of through porous data

Answer 145

cutoff

Question 146

barrier constructed to hold water back and raise its level

Answer 146

dam

Question 147

reservoir where floodwater is stored for relatively brief period , part of it being retained until…

Answer 147

detention reservoir

Question 148

canal or streams embankments to prevent overflow of canals and streams

Answer 148

dikes

Question 149

waterway bordering fields of individual farmers as part of the distribution or drainage system

Answer 149

ditch

Question 150

site where water is diverted in whole or in part from its natural channel to another channels…

Answer 150

diversion site

Question 151

runoff from drainage area removed in 24 hrs expressed in unit of depth

Answer 151

drainage coefficient

Question 152

system of drainage where the parallel lateral lines empty into a main line

Answer 152

gridirion

Question 153

system used to drain fields that slope towards the center; shaped like the bones of a herring

Answer 153

herringbone

Question 154

single drain line placed at the base of a hill to intercept the seepage flow from the hill

Answer 154

interceptor or cutoff

Question 155

stream or river flowing into a larger river or lake; a tributary system

Answer 155

effluent

Question 156

raised surface, such as dike, built up by filling with earth or other material

Answer 156

embankment

Question 157

stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation, receiving no water from springs; its channel is at all times above the water table

Answer 157

ephemeral stream

Question 158

plank of wood placed in canal structures to control the elevation and flow of water

Answer 158

flashboard

Question 159

vertical distance between normal maximum operating level of a reservoir or of canal and top of dam canal bank, or between stage of the design flood and top of levee

Answer 159

freeboard

Question 160

weir in which tail water is below the crest or flow is in no way affected by the elevation of the tail water; not a submerged weir

Answer 160

free weir

Question 161

instrument for observing or recording the stage of a river, amt of rainfall, etc.

Answer 161

gauge

Question 162

type of dam that depends mostly on its own weight for its structural stability

Answer 162

gravity dam

Question 163

arrangement of boulders laid by hand where the interstices or joints between boulders are filled with cement grout; used as lining, erosion

Answer 163

grouted riprap

Question 164

reservoir where water is stored for release when ordinary flow of the stream is insufficient to satisfy req

Answer 164

impounding reservoir

Question 165

that portion of an irrigation structure through which water has to pass before actually flowing into the structure itself

Answer 165

inlet

Question 166

divides the water into two main laterals

Answer 166

bifurcation

Question 167

bridge oven an irrigation canal smaller than either a road or a thresher crossing

Answer 167

bull cart crossing

Question 168

raises level of water surface in a canal

Answer 168

check gate

Question 169

closed conduit used for conveying water across and under an elevated roadway

Answer 169

culvert

Question 170

conveys water from a higher to a lower level

Answer 170

drop

Question 171

passes water over depressions, low ground and roadways, drainage creeks, or a lower irrigation canal

Answer 171

flume

Question 172

controls or regulates flow of irrigation water in a canal

Answer 172

head gate

Question 173

small structure or opening with or without a gate from which a small canal takes water from a supply canal

Answer 173

heading

Question 174

always inverted; water is conveyed underneath an obstacle such as roadway or another waterway

Answer 174

siphon

Question 175

divides water into three main laterals

Answer 175

trifurcation

Question 176

small outlet gate along a supply canal used for delivering water directly to rice paddies or to farm ditches

Answer 176

turnout

Question 177

branch canal heading off from the main canal

Answer 177

lateral

Question 178

dike or embarkment to protect land from inundation or to confine flow of stream

Answer 178

levee

Question 179

principal or biggest channel of a distribution system that starts off from the main head gates or diversion works and from which smaller canals or lateral branch off

Answer 179

main canal

Question 180

channel in which stream is not completely enclosed by solid boundaries and therefore has a free surface subjected to atmospheric pressure

Answer 180

open channel

Question 181

stones or pieces of rock arranged and laid by hand on slopes

Answer 181

riprap

Question 182

dam whose main body is a pile or filling of hard rocks

Answer 182

rock-filled dam

Question 183

receptacle or structure in which the flow of water is retarded to allow deposition of sediment

Answer 183

settling basin

Question 184

gate for controlling the passage pf water through the sluiceway

Answer 184

sluice gate

Question 185

channel portion of a sluice

Answer 185

sluiceway

Question 186

surface or underground stream that contributes its water either continuously intermittently, to another and generally larger stream

Answer 186

tributary