PART 2 CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AMINO ACIDS AND LIPID METABOLISM

Question 1

During ___ when ATP needs are high, there is not enough O2 being inhaled to re-
oxidize NADH in the electron transport chain.

Answer 1

strenuous exercise

Question 2

The lactate formed by anaerobic metabolism of
pyruvate builds up in muscle cells, resulting in
___

Answer 2

soreness and cramping.

Question 3

An ___ is created, and when the
vigorous activity decreases, the person must take
deep breaths of air to repay this debt.

Answer 3

“oxygen debt”

Question 4

The lactate in the muscles is then ____ to
pyruvate, which can return to acetyl CoA and
muscle soreness, fatigue, and shortness of
breath resolve.

Answer 4

re-oxidized

Question 5

The pain felt during a
___ is caused by an
increase of lactate in the heart and areas near the
heart cut off from ___

Answer 5

heart attack

oxygenated blood

Question 6

A higher-than-normal blood lactate level can
indicate ____

Answer 6

lung disease, congestive heart failure, or
serious infection.

Question 7

___ is the anaerobic conversion of
glucose to ethanol and CO2 by yeast and other
microorganisms.

Answer 7

Fermentation

Question 8

First, glycolysis yields a net of ____

Answer 8

2 ATPs and 2
NADHs (which will give 5 ATPs).

Question 9

Second, oxidation of the ___

Answer 9

2 pyruvates yields 2
NADHs (which will give 5 ATPs).

Question 10

Finally, the 2 acetyl CoAs proceed through the citric
acid cycle, starting the electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation, yielding __

Answer 10

10 ATPs × 2 =
20 ATPs.

Question 11

The final total is ___

Answer 11

1 glucose = 32 ATP

Question 12

___are carefully regulated by two hormones.

Answer 12

Blood glucose levels

Question 13

When blood glucose levels rise after a meal,
___ stimulates the passage of glucose into cells
for metabolism.

Answer 13

insulin

Question 14

When blood glucose levels are low, the hormone
___ stimulates the conversion of stored
glycogen to glucose.

Answer 14

glucagon

Question 15

___ is the synthesis of glucose from
noncarbohydrate sources—lactate, amino acids, or
glycerol.

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis

Question 16

Gluconeogenesis is an ___ since it
results in the synthesis of larger molecules from
smaller ones.

Answer 16

anabolic pathway

Question 17

Cycling compounds from the muscle to the liver
and back again is the ____

Answer 17

Cori Cycle

Question 18

The first step in the catabolism of triacylglycerols
is the ___ of the three ester bonds to yield___

Answer 18

hydrolysis

glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 19

The glycerol backbone is converted to
___ which can enter
glycolysis.

Answer 19

dihydroxyacetone phosphate,

Question 20

The first step involves the phosphorylation of

Answer 20

glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate.

Question 21

Step 1 in Glycerol Catabolism with the enzyme

Answer 21

glycerol kinase

Question 22

Step 2 in Glycerol Catabolism with the enzyme

Answer 22

glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 23

The second step involves oxidation with to
yield ___

Answer 23

dihydroxyacetone phosphate and NADH.

Question 24

The product is an intermediate in both ___ so two pathways are
available.

Answer 24

glycolysis
and gluconeogenesis,

Question 25

Fatty acids are catabolized by a ___
process whereby acetyl CoA units are sequentially
cleaved from the fatty acid.

Answer 25

beta- oxidation

Question 26

Fatty Acid Catabolism by beta-oxidation
First, the fatty acid is converted to a____, then begins.

Answer 26

thioester with
coenzyme A, then beta ox.

Question 27

Fatty Acid Catabolism by beta-oxidation This requires energy, provided by the conversion of
__

Answer 27

ATP to AMP.

Question 28

In step [1], FAD removes 2 H’s to form __
and a double bond forms between the ____
carbons.

Answer 28

FADH2

a and beta

Question 29

Fatty Acid Catabolism by beta-oxidation step and enzyme

Answer 29

oxidation

acetyl coA dehydrogenase

Question 30

In step [2], ____ is added to the double bond; this
always makes a ___

Answer 30

water
beta alcohol

Question 31

In step [3], the is oxidized with NAD+
forming a ___

Answer 31

beta- carbonyl group and NADH.

Question 32

In step [4], the bond between and a and b carbons
is cleaved with another

Answer 32

coenzyme A

Question 33

step 3 and 4 enzyme

Answer 33

beta-hydroxyacyl coA dehydrogenase/
acyl coA acyltransferase

Question 34

Complete beta oxidation of the acyl CoA derived from ___ forms:
Acetyl CoA molecules

NADH molecules

FADH2 molecules

Answer 34

18-carbon fatty acid (stearic acid)
9
8
8

Question 35

When not enough carbohydrates are present to
meet the body’s energy needs, the body turns to
catabolizing stored ____

Answer 35

triacylglycerols

Question 36

of fatty acids releases a large
amount of acetyl CoA molecules.

Answer 36

beta oxidation

Question 37

If the citric acid cycle cannot process all of the
extra acetyl CoA, they are converted into
compounds called ____

Answer 37

ketone bodies through
ketogenesis.

Question 38

The ketone bodies are

Answer 38

acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate,
and acetone.

Question 39

are small molecules, which are
readily soluble in blood and urine.

Answer 39

Ketone bodies

Question 40

The buildup of ketone bodies in urine (due to
starvation, vigorous dieting, and uncontrolled
diabetes is called

Answer 40

ketosis

Question 41

Ketosis can develop into ___, where the
acidic ketone bodies actually lower the pH of the
bloodstream.

Answer 41

ketoacidosis

Question 42

The catabolism of amino acids can be divided into
two parts.

Answer 42

The first part concerns the fate of the amino group.

The second part concerns the fate of the carbon
atoms.

Question 43

The ___ of the amino acid is first removed
by transamination.

Answer 43

amino group

Question 44

is the transfer of an amino group
from an amino acid to an a ketoacid

Answer 44

Transamination

Question 45

Transamination often uses

Answer 45

a-ketoglutarate

Question 46

After transamination, the original amino acid
contains only ___

Answer 46

C, O, and H atoms.

Question 47

After accepting the amino group, ___is
degraded through oxidative deamination to
regenerate a-ketoglutarate and to make ___

Answer 47

glutamate
NH+4

Question 48

The ___ then enters the urea cycle, where it is
converted into urea, (NH2)2C=O , in the liver and excreted by the ___

Answer 48

NH+4

kidneys in urine.

Question 49

There are three common fates of the carbon
skeletons of amino acids* conversion to pyruvate
* conversion to acetyl CoA
* conversion to an intermediate in the citric acid cycle

Answer 49

• conversion to pyruvate
• conversion to acetyl CoA
• conversion to an intermediate in the citric acid cycle

Question 50

___are catabolized to
pyruvate or an intermediate of the citric acid cycle.

Answer 50

Glucogenic amino acids

Question 51

Glucogenic amino acids can be used

Answer 51

glocuneogenesis

Question 52

___ are converted to acetyl CoA
or a related thioester acetoacetyl CoA.

These products can be used to synthesize __and can yield energy on that path.

Answer 52

Ketogenic amino acids
ketone
bodies