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MAJOR!!! > BACTE (IMMUNITY) > Flashcards

BACTE (IMMUNITY) Flashcards

1
Q

COLONIZATION

A

presence and multiplication of new microorganisms that may cause an infectious disease or eliminated by host defenses

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2
Q

INFECTION

A

entrance and multiplication of a microorganism in or on a host

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3
Q

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

an infection w/ functional and structural harm to the host that is usually accompanied by signs and symptoms

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4
Q

PATHOgen

A

a microbe capable of causing a disease

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5
Q

PATHOlogy

A

study of the structural and functional manifestations of a disease

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6
Q

PATHOlogist

A

a physician specializing in pathology

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7
Q

PATHOgenicity

A

the ability to cause a disease by overcoming host’s defenses

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8
Q

PATHOgenesis

A

disease process

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9
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

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10
Q

Etiology

A

study of the cause/s of disease

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11
Q

Reservoir

A

environment or place of origin of the infecting agent

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12
Q

Measured by the number of organisms required to cause disease

A

VIRULENCE

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13
Q

Quantitative measure of pathogenicity

A

VIRULENCE

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14
Q

number of organisms needed to cause infection in half the hosts/population.

A

50% of infectious dose (ID50)

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15
Q

number of organisms needed to kill half of the hosts/population.

A

50% of lethal dose (LD50)

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16
Q

INFECTIONS (4 types)

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTION
ENDOGENOUS INFECTION
EXOGENOUS INFECTION

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17
Q

Acquired in the HOSPITAL or other health care settings

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

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18
Q

Results from organisms from external sources

A

EXOGENOUS INFECTION

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19
Q

Causative agent is present or incubating at the time of admission into the health care facility

A

COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTION

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20
Q

Results from organisms that are part of the patient’s normal flora

A

ENDOGENOUS INFECTION

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21
Q

Bacteria most often associated w/ nosocomial infections include:

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Enterococcus faecalis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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22
Q

Most of these nosocomial pathogens are resistant to?

A

multiple antibiotics

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23
Q

Bacillus anthracis is?

A

TRUE PATHOGEN

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24
Q

Candida albicans is?

A

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

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25
Q

microorganisms (bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi, PRIONS) capable of causing an infectious disease

A

PATHOGENS

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26
Q

has the ability to infect a host w/ a healthy immune system as well as those in immunosuppressed state

A

TRUE PATHOGEN

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27
Q

attacks a debilitated host but presents no danger to a healthy individual

A

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

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28
Q

Infections of the immunocompromised hosts that do not cause a disease in individuals w/ a normal immune system

A

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS

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29
Q

Opportunistic infections are increasing due to:

A

Widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics that can alter normal flora
Increased use of immunosuppressive drugs (in organ transplantation)
Chemotherapeutic agents (cancer)
Increased and prolonged use of urethral catheters

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30
Q

In immunosuppressive conditions, the host’s immune system is unable to effectively battle those microorganisms considered to be normal flora for the general population.

A

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS

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31
Q

Individuals at risk for opportunistic pathogens include:

A

Dialysis patients, Individuals on heart pumps
Diabetics, burn victims
Those w/ chronic medical problems; those undergoing invasive medical procedures
Those w/ foreign body implants (heart valves, prosthetic devices, IV catheters)
Alcoholics and IV drug users

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32
Q

Microorganisms normally residing in a particular body site; they do not usually cause an infection; also known as

A

usual or indigenous flora

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33
Q

2 types of normal flora

A

Transient flora
Resident microbial flora

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34
Q

Resident microbial flora

A

colonize an anatomical area for months or years

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35
Q

Transient flora

A

temporarily present at an anatomical site

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36
Q

Distribution of normal flora

A

Skin, Mouth and oral cavity, nasopharynx
Stomach and upper small intestine, colon
Urethra

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37
Q

STERILE

A

no normal flora

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38
Q

There are anatomical sites considered to be STERILE

A

BLOOD,
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID and
URINARY BLADDER

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39
Q

Normal flora can become pathogenic if they are

A

moved to another site

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40
Q

The slightly acidic pH (5.5-6.0) results from the presence of acids produced by its normal flora:

A

skin

41
Q

Common NF of skin

A

Staphylococcus spp.
Propionibacterium acnes
Micrococcus
Candida
Clostridium
Diphtheroids

42
Q

Less Common NF of skin

A

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Acinetobacter
Bacteroides
Moraxella
Gram negative rods

43
Q

MOUTH & ORAL CAVITY normal flora

A

Viridans streptococcus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Neisseria (non-pathogenic spp.)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Lactobacilli
Diphtheroids

44
Q

Anaerobic NF include:

A

Actinomyces
Veilonella
Bacteroides

45
Q

May serve as a site of asymptomatic carriage of several microorganisms

A

NASOPHARYNX

46
Q

Common NF of nasopharynx

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Diphtheroids
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Streptococcus

47
Q

Less Common Nf of nasopharynx

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
Other Moraxella spp.

48
Q

maintain a reservoir for the organism but do NOT have an infectious disease BUT serve as an infectious source for others

A

Asymptomatic carriers

49
Q

Asymptomatic carriers have?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria meningitidis

50
Q

Are usually sterile containing less than 1000 organisms/ml

A

STOMACH & UPPER SMALL INTESTINE

51
Q

Organisms entering the stomach are usually killed by?

A

HCl and gastric enzymes

52
Q

When organisms are passed in the small intestine, they may be destroyed by?

A

bile and pancreatic enzymes

53
Q

When the gastric pH increases to over 5.0, colonization from bacteria of oral, nasopharyngeal, or colon may occur

A

Lactobacilli
Bifidobacteria

54
Q

Heavily colonized and serves as a reservoir for infection for numerous body sites, including the urinary tract and peritoneal cavity

A

colon

55
Q

normal flora of colon

A

Bacteroides
Lactobacillus
Clostridium
Eubacterium
Coliforms such as Escherichia coli
Aerobic and anaerobic streptococci
Yeast

56
Q

Normal flora of the distal urethra in both males and females may contain:

A

Diphtheroids
Streptococci (alpha and non-hemolytic)
Peptococcus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Bacteroides

57
Q

Nf of GUT:

A

Lactobacillus spp.
Bacteroides spp.
Clostridium spp.
Peptostreptococcus
S. aureus
S. epidermidis

58
Q

Environment or the place of origin of an infecting agent is referred to as the?

A

RESERVOIR

59
Q

RESERVOIR can be?

A

Humans, Animals
Water, food, air, soil

60
Q

Humans acquire microbial agents by various means referred to as

A

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

61
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION can be:

A

direct or indirect

62
Q

DIRECT

A

when the host directly contacts the microbial reservoir

63
Q

INDIRECT

A

when the host encounters the microorganism by an intervening agent

64
Q

The intervening agent can be a:

A

Vector – living entity
Vehicle/Fomite – non-living entity

65
Q

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

A

Congenital contact
Sexual contact
Hand-to-hand contact
Droplet infection

66
Q

May occur across the placenta or during passage at the birth canal

A

CONGENITAL/ VERTICAL TRANSMISSION

67
Q

may be acquired during pregnancy

A

Rubella virus and Treponema pallidum

68
Q

are examples of bacteria that may be transmitted to the infant during delivery

A

Streptocccus agalactiae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

69
Q

Serves as a route for many respiratory viruses and bacterial pathogens including:

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Neisseria meningitidis

70
Q

Infectious secretions may come from coughing, sneezing, kissing and nasal drainage

A

DROPLET INFECTION

71
Q

Respiratory secretions can become dried on clothing, bedding, or floors and converted to dust, which may serve as a route of indirect transmission

A

DROPLET INFECTION

72
Q

Route of infection for many sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

SEXUAL CONTACT

73
Q

SEXUAL CONTACT examples

A

Gonorrhea, Syphilis
Chlamydia, HIV Infection
Herpes, Hepatitis B infection

74
Q

Mode of direct contact seen w/ the
spread of common cold due to rhinovirus
transmission of GI infections (poor hand-washing, fecally contaminated hands)

A

HAND-TO-HAND CONTACT

75
Q

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

A

Fomites
Ingestion of contaminated food and water
Airborne routes
Animal or arthropod vectors

76
Q

Frequent routes of nosocomial infections

A

fomites

77
Q

Inanimate objects such as eating utensils, medical instruments, clothing, money, doorknobs, etc

A

fomites

78
Q

Result of improper or poor sanitary measures

A

CONTAMINATED FOOD & WATER

79
Q

CONTAMINATED FOOD & WATER Associated microorganisms include:

A

Salmonella
Shigella
Escherichia coli
Hepatitis A virus

80
Q

Infections may be incidentally transmitted to humans through infected animals or insect (arthropod vectors)

A

VECTORS

81
Q

Inhalation of infectious particles (aerosols) suspended in air

A

AIRBORNE

82
Q

SIGNS OF INFECTION

A

Acute infection
Chronic or subacute infection
Local signs of infection

83
Q

Chronic or subacute infection

A

Intermittent, low-grade fever
Weight loss
Fatigue

84
Q

Local signs of infection

A

Pain (dolor)
Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)

85
Q

Acute infection

A

High-grade, spiking fever
Chills
Vasodilation w/ flushing
Increased pulse rate

86
Q

Differential wbc count

A

Bacterial infections
Viral infections

87
Q

Bacterial infections

A

increased percentage of neutrophils

88
Q

Viral infections

A

increased percentage of lymphocytes

89
Q

OCCURRENCE OF A DISEASE

A

INCIDENCE
PREVALENCE

90
Q

INCIDENCE

A

refers only to new cases

91
Q

PREVALENCE

A

old and new cases of a disease

92
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

93
Q

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

A

disease that spreads from one host to another either directly or indirectly

94
Q

CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

A

disease thaqt easily spreads from one person to another.

95
Q

SPECIFIC GROUP of signs or symptoms may always accompany a particular disease

A

SYNDROME

96
Q

If disease is not spread from one host to another

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

97
Q

Caused by microorganisms that normally inhabit the body and only occasionally produce disease.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

98
Q

Caused by microorganisms that reside outside the body and produce a disease only when introduced into the body.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

99
Q

HERD IMMUNITY

A

when many immune people are present in a community that they would act as barriers to the spread of infectious agents

MAJOR!!! (12 decks)

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