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Physiology 3 Exam 2 > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In systemic arteries, a small change in volume is associated with a?

A

Large change in pressure

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2
Q

In systemic veins, a large change in volume is associated with a?

A

Small change in pressure

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3
Q

What is 8x more distensible and 24x more compliant than systemic arteries?

A

Veins

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4
Q

Increased pressure tightens?

A

Wall Tone

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5
Q

Decreased pressure loosens?

A

Wall Tone

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6
Q

What causes osscilating pressure?

A

Change in blood volume

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7
Q

Local blood flow is regulated in proportion to the?

A

Metabolic Demand in most tissues

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8
Q

Short term control of blood flow involves vasodilation and vasoconstriction of?

A

Pre-capillary Resistent Vessels

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9
Q

Long term control of blood flow involves?

A

Changes in tissue vascularity

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10
Q

Changes in tissue vascularity includes?

A
  1. Formation/Dissolution of Blood Vessels

2. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenin

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11
Q

What acts as an integrator of multiple inputs?

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

Arterioles are richly innervated by SNS vasoconstrictor fibers and have?

A

Alpha Receptors

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13
Q

Arterioles are effected by local factors which include?

A

Vasodilators

Circulating Substances

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14
Q

Local vasodilators include?

A 
Nitric Oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen
Adenosine 
Potassium Ions
Hydrogen Ions
PGE and PGI
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15
Q

With vasodilation decreased resistance will?

A

Increase Flow

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16
Q

With vasoconstriction increased resistance will?

A

Decrease Flow

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17
Q

As tissue uses up oxygen, vascular smooth muscle cannot maintain constriction. This is known as?

A

Oxygen Demand Theory

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18
Q

The ability to keep blood flow constant in the face of a changing arterial BP is called?

A

Autoregulation

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19
Q

Most tissues show some degree of?

A

Autoregulation

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20
Q

In the kidney, both renal flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are?

A

Autoregulated

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21
Q

Long term control of flow involves changes in?

A

Tissue Vascularity

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22
Q

What is the production of new micro vessels?

A

Angiogenesis

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23
Q

Shear stress caused by enhanced blood flow velocity associated with partial occlusion is called?

A

Arteriogenesis

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24
Q

Angiogenic factors are small peptides that stimulate?

A

Growth of new vessels

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25
Angiogenic factors were first isolated from?
Tumors
26
Stress activated endothelium up-regulates the expression of?
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1)
27
MCP-1 attract proteins that?
Invade Arterioles
28
Other adhesion molecules and growth factors participate with MCP-1 during?
Inflammation | Cell Death
29
Hypoxia causes the release of?
VEGF
30
Enhanced production of VEGF is partly mediated by?
Adenosine in response to hypoxia
31
VEGF stimulated capillary proliferation and may also be involved in the development of?
Collateral Arterial Vessels
32
NPY from SNS is?
Angiogenic
33
Hyperactive SNS may compromise collateral blood flow by?
Vasoconstriciton
34
What is it called when mesenchymal cells differentiate into endothelial cells (de novo development of new blood vessels)?
Vasculogenesis
35
Formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from preexisting small vessels (usually lacking a tunica media) is called?
Angiogenesis
36
Rapid proliferation of pre existing collateral vessels with a fully developed tunica media is called?
Arteriogenesis
37
Angiogenesis has what triggers?
Mechanical Chemical Molecular
38
Mechanical triggers include?
Hemodynamic | Shear Stress
39
Chemical triggers include?
Hypoxia | NO
40
Molecular triggers include?
Inflammation Angiogenic growth factors Decreased glucose which increase VEGF
41
What are angiogenic growth factors?
Fibroblast Growth Factors VEGF receptors Placenta Growth Factors Angiopoietin
42
Clinical enhancement/promotion of collateral blood vessels/flow in ischemic tissues is known as?
Therapeutic Angiogenesis
43
What are the 3 methods of Therapeutic Angiogensis?
1. Protein therapy 2. Gene therapy 3. Cellular therapy
44
Protein therapy uses?
Growth factor proteins
45
Gene therapy manipulates gene expression for?
Angiogenic Peptides
46
With cellular therapy, cells that produce angiogenic factors are introduced into?
Ischemic Tissue
47
Vasoactive role of endothelium releases what?
``` Prostacyclin (PGI2) Nitric Oxide (NO) Endothelin ```
48
PGI2 inhibits?
Platelet Aggregation
49
PGI2 relaxes?
Vascular smooth muscle
50
The release of NO is stimulated by?
Shear stress associated with increased flow | ACH binding to endothelium
51
Release of endothelin constricts?
Vascular Smooth Muscle
52
Endothelin may contribute to vasoconstriction when?
Endothelium is damaged by hypertension
53
What is the functional unit of circulation?
Capillaries
54
Intermittent contraction of metarterioles and pre capillary sphincters is called?
Vasomotion
55
Non-functional flow bypasses?
Capillary Bed
56
What are the mechanisms of exchange with microcirculation?
1. Diffusion 2. Ultrafiltration 3. Vesicular Transport
57
What is the product of flow times the arterial-venous oxygen difference?
Oxygen utilization/uptake
58
Functional or nutritive flow is associated with?
Increased oxygen uptake/utilization
59
Increase in flow is functional (nutritive) because of?
Increased O2 Uptake
60
Increase in flow is non functional (non-nutritive) because ?
O2 uptake has not changed

Physiology 3 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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