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Physiology 3 Exam 2 > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In systemic arteries, a small change in volume is associated with a?

A

Large change in pressure

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2
Q

In systemic veins, a large change in volume is associated with a?

A

Small change in pressure

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3
Q

What is 8x more distensible and 24x more compliant than systemic arteries?

A

Veins

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4
Q

Increased pressure tightens?

A

Wall Tone

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5
Q

Decreased pressure loosens?

A

Wall Tone

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6
Q

What causes osscilating pressure?

A

Change in blood volume

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7
Q

Local blood flow is regulated in proportion to the?

A

Metabolic Demand in most tissues

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8
Q

Short term control of blood flow involves vasodilation and vasoconstriction of?

A

Pre-capillary Resistent Vessels

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9
Q

Long term control of blood flow involves?

A

Changes in tissue vascularity

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10
Q

Changes in tissue vascularity includes?

A
  1. Formation/Dissolution of Blood Vessels

2. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenin

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11
Q

What acts as an integrator of multiple inputs?

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

Arterioles are richly innervated by SNS vasoconstrictor fibers and have?

A

Alpha Receptors

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13
Q

Arterioles are effected by local factors which include?

A

Vasodilators

Circulating Substances

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14
Q

Local vasodilators include?

A 
Nitric Oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen
Adenosine 
Potassium Ions
Hydrogen Ions
PGE and PGI
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15
Q

With vasodilation decreased resistance will?

A

Increase Flow

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16
Q

With vasoconstriction increased resistance will?

A

Decrease Flow

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17
Q

As tissue uses up oxygen, vascular smooth muscle cannot maintain constriction. This is known as?

A

Oxygen Demand Theory

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18
Q

The ability to keep blood flow constant in the face of a changing arterial BP is called?

A

Autoregulation

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19
Q

Most tissues show some degree of?

A

Autoregulation

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20
Q

In the kidney, both renal flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are?

A

Autoregulated

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21
Q

Long term control of flow involves changes in?

A

Tissue Vascularity

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22
Q

What is the production of new micro vessels?

A

Angiogenesis

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23
Q

Shear stress caused by enhanced blood flow velocity associated with partial occlusion is called?

A

Arteriogenesis

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24
Q

Angiogenic factors are small peptides that stimulate?

A

Growth of new vessels

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25
Q

Angiogenic factors were first isolated from?

A

Tumors

26
Q

Stress activated endothelium up-regulates the expression of?

A

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1)

27
Q

MCP-1 attract proteins that?

A

Invade Arterioles

28
Q

Other adhesion molecules and growth factors participate with MCP-1 during?

A

Inflammation

Cell Death

29
Q

Hypoxia causes the release of?

A

VEGF

30
Q

Enhanced production of VEGF is partly mediated by?

A

Adenosine in response to hypoxia

31
Q

VEGF stimulated capillary proliferation and may also be involved in the development of?

A

Collateral Arterial Vessels

32
Q

NPY from SNS is?

A

Angiogenic

33
Q

Hyperactive SNS may compromise collateral blood flow by?

A

Vasoconstriciton

34
Q

What is it called when mesenchymal cells differentiate into endothelial cells (de novo development of new blood vessels)?

A

Vasculogenesis

35
Q

Formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from preexisting small vessels (usually lacking a tunica media) is called?

A

Angiogenesis

36
Q

Rapid proliferation of pre existing collateral vessels with a fully developed tunica media is called?

A

Arteriogenesis

37
Q

Angiogenesis has what triggers?

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Molecular

38
Q

Mechanical triggers include?

A

Hemodynamic

Shear Stress

39
Q

Chemical triggers include?

A

Hypoxia

NO

40
Q

Molecular triggers include?

A

Inflammation
Angiogenic growth factors
Decreased glucose which increase VEGF

41
Q

What are angiogenic growth factors?

A

Fibroblast Growth Factors
VEGF receptors
Placenta Growth Factors
Angiopoietin

42
Q

Clinical enhancement/promotion of collateral blood vessels/flow in ischemic tissues is known as?

A

Therapeutic Angiogenesis

43
Q

What are the 3 methods of Therapeutic Angiogensis?

A
  1. Protein therapy
  2. Gene therapy
  3. Cellular therapy
44
Q

Protein therapy uses?

A

Growth factor proteins

45
Q

Gene therapy manipulates gene expression for?

A

Angiogenic Peptides

46
Q

With cellular therapy, cells that produce angiogenic factors are introduced into?

A

Ischemic Tissue

47
Q

Vasoactive role of endothelium releases what?

A 
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Endothelin
48
Q

PGI2 inhibits?

A

Platelet Aggregation

49
Q

PGI2 relaxes?

A

Vascular smooth muscle

50
Q

The release of NO is stimulated by?

A

Shear stress associated with increased flow

ACH binding to endothelium

51
Q

Release of endothelin constricts?

A

Vascular Smooth Muscle

52
Q

Endothelin may contribute to vasoconstriction when?

A

Endothelium is damaged by hypertension

53
Q

What is the functional unit of circulation?

A

Capillaries

54
Q

Intermittent contraction of metarterioles and pre capillary sphincters is called?

A

Vasomotion

55
Q

Non-functional flow bypasses?

A

Capillary Bed

56
Q

What are the mechanisms of exchange with microcirculation?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Ultrafiltration
  3. Vesicular Transport
57
Q

What is the product of flow times the arterial-venous oxygen difference?

A

Oxygen utilization/uptake

58
Q

Functional or nutritive flow is associated with?

A

Increased oxygen uptake/utilization

59
Q

Increase in flow is functional (nutritive) because of?

A

Increased O2 Uptake

60
Q

Increase in flow is non functional (non-nutritive) because ?

A

O2 uptake has not changed

Physiology 3 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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