Part 1 Flashcards
Vad var mitt “take-home-message” från introduktionen till Thinking Sociologically?
“Tacit knowledge” (common sense) och “defamiliarization” är två enkla men användbara verktyg för att tänka på sociala fenomen.
Vem myntade begreppet “Don Quixiote-effekten”?
Franska sociologen Pierre Bourdieu
Hur definieras “Don Quixiote-effekten”?
“The same understanding that allows us to conduct ourselves, appears as a limitation upon the horizons of our understanding.”
Vad gör “criteria of relevance”?
distinguishes between those objects or people who are relevant and irrelevant to the life-projects we embark upon
Vem var Georg Herbert Mead?
Amerikansk socialpsykolog och filosof (1863–1931)
Hur skiljer Georg Herbert Mead på I/me?
I: “…may be best thought of as a ‘conversation’ that takes place within ourselves where language acts as a medium that allows this process to take place and to think of ourselves as a ‘whole’”
Me: “…refers to how we organize the expectations of groups within our actions”
Vilka tre utvecklingsstadier föreslog Georg Herbert Mead?
- Preperatory stage
- Play stage
- Game stage
Beskriv Georg Herbert Meads första utvecklingsstadium
• Preperatory stage
Självet består av attityderna som andra uppvisar
= är i viss mån passivt
Beskriv Georg Herbert Meads andra utvecklingsstadium
• Play stage
“We act out different ‘others’ in roles. However, these are not connected and lack organization”
Beskriv Georg Herbert Meads tredje utvecklingsstadium
•Game stage
“Roles are learned along with their relations to one another, and the ‘rules’ of the game become more apparent”
What did Steve Jones call “the most problematic word in genetics”?
“For”
Nämn två definitioner av socialisering
“The process of how our selves are formed and how instincts may or may not be suppressed”
“The process of being transformed into being capable of living in society”
Define “reference group”
“A group against which we measure our actions and provide the standards to which we aspire”
Define “comparative reference groups”
“Groups to which we do not belong, because either we are beyond theiry reach or they are beyond our reach”
(We see the groups without being seen by them)
What ratio can be seen as an indicator of the relative position a person, or a whole category of persons, occupies in a society?
Freedom/dependence
How can the freedom/dependence ratio be used?
“As an indicator of the relative position a person, or a whole category of persons, occupies in a society”
When is socialization complete?
Never
What did Erving Goffman mean by “Face work”?
Face = “The value that a person attaches to their action in terms of the attributes they display”
Face work i focussing on this, rather than on substance.
Continue the quote “Among all the people who influence how you conduct your life and what choices you can and cannot make…”
… the people who actually know you are a very small proportion.
Who was Michel Foucault?
Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a french philosopher, historian, social theorist, philologist and literary critic
Who was Jacques Derrida?
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) was a French philosopher. Derrida is best-known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction. He is one of the major figures associated with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy.
How did Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida describe in- and out-groups?
“We possess an essence to what we are only by the exclusion of negatives; the out-group is precisely that imaginary opposition to itself that the in-group needs for its self-identity”
Who was Theodor Adorno?
Theodor Adorno (1903-1969) was a German sociologist, philosopher and musicologist known for his critical theory of society.
How did Theodor Adorno describe the “Authoritarian personality”?
People who entertain high levels of prejudice are ill prepared to endure any deviation from strict rules of conduct and hence favour a strong power capable of keeping people “in line”. This is the essence of the authoritarian personlity.
Who was Gregory Bateson?
Gregory Bateson (1904-1980) was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.
How did Gergory Bateson describe “schismogenesis”?
A state of affaires where “each action calls for a stronger reaction, and control over the situation is gradually lost”
Which are the three types of relationships related to schismogenesis?
• Symmetrical schismogenesis
Each side reacts to the signs of strength in the adversary; what each side fears most is appearing as weak or hesitant
• Complementary schismogenesis
One side strengthens its resolve at any signs of weakness from the other side
• Reciprocity
Continue the quote “By their sheer presence, which does not fit easily into any established categories, strangers…
…deny the very validity of the socially accepted oppositions”
How did Erving Goffman describe civil inattention?
“Civil inattention is paramount among the techniques that make life in a city, among strangers, possible. Characterized by elaborate modes of pretending that we do not look and do not listen, or assuming a posture that suggests that we do not see and do not hear, civil inattention i routinized”
Who was Erving Goffman?
Erving Goffman (1922-1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist and writer, considered “the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century”.
