Part 1

Question 1

Vad var mitt “take-home-message” från introduktionen till Thinking Sociologically?

Answer 1

“Tacit knowledge” (common sense) och “defamiliarization” är två enkla men användbara verktyg för att tänka på sociala fenomen.

Question 2

Vem myntade begreppet “Don Quixiote-effekten”?

Answer 2

Franska sociologen Pierre Bourdieu

Question 3

Hur definieras “Don Quixiote-effekten”?

Answer 3

“The same understanding that allows us to conduct ourselves, appears as a limitation upon the horizons of our understanding.”

Question 4

Vad gör “criteria of relevance”?

Answer 4

distinguishes between those objects or people who are relevant and irrelevant to the life-projects we embark upon

Question 5

Vem var Georg Herbert Mead?

Answer 5

Amerikansk socialpsykolog och filosof (1863–1931)

Question 6

Hur skiljer Georg Herbert Mead på I/me?

Answer 6

I: “…may be best thought of as a ‘conversation’ that takes place within ourselves where language acts as a medium that allows this process to take place and to think of ourselves as a ‘whole’”

Me: “…refers to how we organize the expectations of groups within our actions”

Question 7

Vilka tre utvecklingsstadier föreslog Georg Herbert Mead?

Answer 7

• Preperatory stage
• Play stage
• Game stage

Question 8

Beskriv Georg Herbert Meads första utvecklingsstadium

Answer 8

• Preperatory stage
Självet består av attityderna som andra uppvisar
= är i viss mån passivt

Question 9

Beskriv Georg Herbert Meads andra utvecklingsstadium

Answer 9

• Play stage

“We act out different ‘others’ in roles. However, these are not connected and lack organization”

Question 10

Beskriv Georg Herbert Meads tredje utvecklingsstadium

Answer 10

•Game stage

“Roles are learned along with their relations to one another, and the ‘rules’ of the game become more apparent”

Question 11

What did Steve Jones call “the most problematic word in genetics”?

Answer 11

“For”

Question 12

Nämn två definitioner av socialisering

Answer 12

“The process of how our selves are formed and how instincts may or may not be suppressed”

“The process of being transformed into being capable of living in society”

Question 13

Define “reference group”

Answer 13

“A group against which we measure our actions and provide the standards to which we aspire”

Question 14

Define “comparative reference groups”

Answer 14

“Groups to which we do not belong, because either we are beyond theiry reach or they are beyond our reach”

(We see the groups without being seen by them)

Question 15

What ratio can be seen as an indicator of the relative position a person, or a whole category of persons, occupies in a society?

Answer 15

Freedom/dependence

Question 16

How can the freedom/dependence ratio be used?

Answer 16

“As an indicator of the relative position a person, or a whole category of persons, occupies in a society”

Question 17

When is socialization complete?

Answer 17

Never

Question 18

What did Erving Goffman mean by “Face work”?

Answer 18

Face = “The value that a person attaches to their action in terms of the attributes they display”

Face work i focussing on this, rather than on substance.

Question 19

Continue the quote “Among all the people who influence how you conduct your life and what choices you can and cannot make…”

Answer 19

… the people who actually know you are a very small proportion.

Question 20

Who was Michel Foucault?

Answer 20

Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a french philosopher, historian, social theorist, philologist and literary critic

Question 21

Who was Jacques Derrida?

Answer 21

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) was a French philosopher. Derrida is best-known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction. He is one of the major figures associated with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy.

Question 22

How did Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida describe in- and out-groups?

Answer 22

“We possess an essence to what we are only by the exclusion of negatives; the out-group is precisely that imaginary opposition to itself that the in-group needs for its self-identity”

Question 23

Who was Theodor Adorno?

Answer 23

Theodor Adorno (1903-1969) was a German sociologist, philosopher and musicologist known for his critical theory of society.

Question 24

How did Theodor Adorno describe the “Authoritarian personality”?

Answer 24

People who entertain high levels of prejudice are ill prepared to endure any deviation from strict rules of conduct and hence favour a strong power capable of keeping people “in line”. This is the essence of the authoritarian personlity.

Question 25

Who was Gregory Bateson?

Answer 25

Gregory Bateson (1904-1980) was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.

Question 26

How did Gergory Bateson describe “schismogenesis”?

Answer 26

A state of affaires where “each action calls for a stronger reaction, and control over the situation is gradually lost”

Question 27

Which are the three types of relationships related to schismogenesis?

Answer 27

• Symmetrical schismogenesis
Each side reacts to the signs of strength in the adversary; what each side fears most is appearing as weak or hesitant

• Complementary schismogenesis
One side strengthens its resolve at any signs of weakness from the other side

• Reciprocity

Question 28

Continue the quote “By their sheer presence, which does not fit easily into any established categories, strangers…

Answer 28

…deny the very validity of the socially accepted oppositions”

Question 29

How did Erving Goffman describe civil inattention?

Answer 29

“Civil inattention is paramount among the techniques that make life in a city, among strangers, possible. Characterized by elaborate modes of pretending that we do not look and do not listen, or assuming a posture that suggests that we do not see and do not hear, civil inattention i routinized”

Question 30

Who was Erving Goffman?

Answer 30

Erving Goffman (1922-1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist and writer, considered “the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century”.