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Patho 2023 > Park Lec 2 > Flashcards

Park Lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of histamines

A
  • First mediator released upon acute inflammation but transient
  • Binds to type 1 receptor on endothelial cells and causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
  • H1 receptor antagonists are used as antihistamine drugs
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2
Q

what are the roles of PAF

A
  • Generated from phospholipids by phospholipase A2
  • Induces platelet aggregation
  • 100-1000 times more potent than histamine in inducing inflammation reactions
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3
Q

what are the roles of eicosanoids

A
  • Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid
  • has COX pathway
  • has lipoxygenase pathway
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4
Q

what is the cox pathway

A
  1. Prostaglandins
    - Complex inflammatory responses including fever and pain
  2. Thromboxane
    - Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
    - Inhibited by NSAIDs
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5
Q

what is the lipoxygenase pathway

A
  1. Leukotrienes
    - Similar to histamine but more potent and long acting
    - Significant contributors to allergic reactions
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6
Q

what are the 3 roles of plasma membranes

A
  1. thrombin and fibrinopeptides in clotting system
  2. bradykinin in the kinin system
  3. C3a, C5a, C3b in the complement system
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7
Q

describe the thrombin and fibrinopeptides in clotting system

A
  1. Thrombin activates leukocytes
  2. Fibrinopeptides, produced from digestion of fibrinogen by thrombin, increase vascular permeability; chemotactic
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8
Q

describe the C3a, C5a, C3b in the complement system pathway

A
  1. C3a and C5a increase vascular permeability and cause vasodilation (anaphylatoxins)
  2. C5a activates leukocytes; chemotactic
  3. C3b acts as opsonin
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9
Q

describe the bradykinin in the kinin system process

A
  1. Formed by cleavage of kinogens by a protease kallikreins
  2. Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation
  3. Causes pain
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10
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A
  1. Serotonin is transient and tightly regulated
  2. Have pleiotropic and redundant functions
  3. TNF-a and IL-1 and chemokines
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11
Q

describe TNF-a and IL-1

A
  1. The major cytokines that mediate inflammation
  2. Produced by many cells, but activated macrophages are the major source
  3. Generate cellular and systemic responses
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12
Q

describe chemokines

A
  1. Chemotactic cytokines
  2. Recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells
  3. Generate a persistent chemotactic gradient
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13
Q

describe nitric oxide

A
  1. Short lived, local acting (seconds)
  2. Synthesized by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is induced by inflammatory cytokines and mediators
  3. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (vasodilation)
  4. Antimicrobial agent in activated macrophages
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14
Q

describe reactive oxygen species

A
  1. Short lived
  2. Synthesized by NADH oxidase pathway
  3. Superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical
  4. Released extracellularly by neutrophils and macrophages after stimulation
  5. May cause tissue injury
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15
Q

describe tissue injury by lysosomal proteases

A
  1. Release of lysosomal constituents into the extracellular space
    –> Matrix degradation
    –> Destructive tissue injury
  2. Antiproteases inhibit lysosomal proteases
    –> A2-macroglobulin, al- antitrypsin, etc.
    –> Exist in the serum and extracellular matrix
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16
Q

what are the causes of lysosomal proteases

A
  1. Premature degranulation of lysosomes
  2. Phagocytosis attempts of large, flat surfaces (frustrated phagocytosis)
  3. Damage of leukocytes (ex. Urate crystals of gout)
17
Q

what mediators are responsbile for plasma

A
  1. Factor 7
  2. Complement proteins
  3. acute-phase
18
Q

what mediaotrs are responsible for cell derived

A
  1. performed
  2. newly synthesized
19
Q

what mediators are responsible for vasodilation

A

Histamine, serotonin, PAF, kinins, complement

20
Q

what mediators are responsible for increase vascular permeability

A

Histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, PAF, kinins, prostaglandins

21
Q

what mediators are responsible for chemotaxis

A

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemokines, complement

22
Q

what mediators are responsible for vascular smooth muscle relaxation

A

nitric oxide

23
Q

what mediators are responsible for leukocyte activation

A

Leukotrienes, complement

24
Q

what mediators are responsible for local endothelial activation

A

Cytokines (TNF, IL-1)

25
Q

what mediators are responsible for killing of microbes

A

Nitric oxide, ROS

26
Q

Describe the mechanism of the reciprocal relationship between macrophages and lymphocytes in chronic inflammation.

A
  1. Activated by macrophages presenting antigen fragments
  2. Activated lymphocytes release mediators including IFN-y
  3. IFN-y activates macrophages
  4. Activated macrophages release cytokines including IL-12
  5. IL-12 further activates lymphocytes
  6. Macrophages and lymphocytes persistently stimulate one another until the triggering antigen is removed
  7. Plasma cells, eosinophils, and mast cells are also present in chronic inflammation
27
Q

explain the roles of macrophages

A
  1. Derived from circulating blood monocytes
  2. Activated by cytokines, bacterial products, mediators of inflammation, dead cells, etc → epithelioid macrophages
  3. Release various products, may cause tissue injury
  4. Macrophage accumulation persists in chronic inflammation
28
Q

explain the role of lymphocytes

A
  1. B Cell, T cells, Natural Killer Cells
  2. A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of most vertebrates
  3. Main type of cell found in lymph
  4. In chronic inflammation
29
Q

what are the examples about macrophages in the release of products that may result in tissue injury

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Complement components, coagulation factors
  3. ROS and NO
  4. Eicosanoids
  5. Cytokines
  6. Growth factors → fibrosis
30
Q

what is granulomatous inflammation

A
  1. Distinctive form of chronic inflammation
  2. Formation of granuloma
    –> Small (1-2 mm) lesion of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes
  3. Foreign body giant cells
    –> Multinucleated cells formed by coalesced macrophages
    –> Encapsulate and isolate the offending agents
31
Q

what is granulomatous inflammation caused by ___

A
  1. offending agents not easily controlled by other inflammatory mechanisms
    –> Foreign bodies such as splinters, sutures, silica, and asbestos
    –> Microorganisms that cause tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, deep fungal infections, and brucellosis

Patho 2023 (37 decks)

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