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Patho 2023 > Hudmon Lec 1 > Flashcards

Hudmon Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the mechanisms that cells respond to injury

A
  1. homeostasis
  2. adaptation
  3. cell injury
  4. cell death
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2
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

Cells maintain their intracellular environment within a narrow range of physiological parameters

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3
Q

what is adaptation

A

As cells encounter physiological stresses or pathological stimuli, they can undergo adaptation, achieving new steady state and preserving viability and function by changing their size, number, and form
1. this involves the 5 forms

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4
Q

what is cell injury

A

Occurs when cells are stressed to the point that they are unable to adapt

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5
Q

what is cell death

A

Is one of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease in any tissue or organ
Can lead to necrosis or apoptosis

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6
Q

what are the 5 major cellular adaptations in response to injury or stimuli

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
dysplasia

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7
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of an organ

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8
Q

where does hypertrophy only occur (and example)

A
  • in cells capable of dividing
    –> Striated muscle cells in both skeletal muscle and heart
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9
Q

hypertrophy is commonly caused by increased workload which includes _____?

A
  1. Physiological stimuli
    - Estrogen-induced uterus enlargement during pregnancy
  2. Pathological conditions
    - Hypertension
    - Aortic valve
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10
Q

what is hypertrophy characterized by and examples

A
  1. increased protein synthesis
    –>Mechanical triggers such as stretching
    –> Hormonal triggers like adrenergic hormones
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11
Q

what is hyperplasia

A
  • Increase in the number of cells
    –> Not cell size
  • Can be pathological or physiological
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12
Q

what are examples of physiologic hormonal hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of the female mammary epithelium during puberty

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13
Q

what is an example of physiologic compensatory hyperplasia

A

Regeneration of partially resected liver by the remaining hepatocytes or liver cells

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14
Q

what are examples of pathologic hyperplasia

A
  • Typically the result of excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation
  • Hyperplastic tissue may eventually become malignant
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15
Q

hyperplasia has a specific example of proliferation. what is it?

A

proliferation of connective tissue cells during wound healing

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16
Q

what is atrophy

A
  • Shrinkage in the cell size of the cell by the loss of cell substance
    –> No decrease in cell number
    –> Decrease in size of tissue or organ
17
Q

what is atrophy frequently caused by:

A
  1. Decreased workload
  2. Loss of innervation
  3. Reduced blood supply
  4. Inadequate nutrition
  5. Aging
    –> Senile atrophy
18
Q

what is the decreased in cell size in atrophy caused by:

A
  1. Increased protein degradation
  2. Reduced protein synthesis
19
Q

what is metaplasia

A
  • Reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell
  • Often is a response to chronic inflammation and irritation that makes cells better able to withstand stress
20
Q

what are examples of metaplasia

A
  1. Barretts esophagus
  2. Ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi help clear foreign materials and mucous
  3. In smokers, they may be replaced by squamous epithelial cells, which are more rugged but not ciliated
  4. This leads to coughing and increase in infections
21
Q

why is metaplasia a precursor to malignancy

A

May be caused by reprogramming of stem cells rather than by transdifferentiation of mature cells

22
Q

what is dysplasia

A

Characterized by deranged cellular growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, organization, and number
1. Adaptive in that it is potentially reversible after irritating cause has been removed

23
Q

what is dysplasia associated with

A

chronic irritation and inflammation

24
Q

when does dysplasia often occur

A

in metaplastic squamous epithelium in respiratory tract and uterine cervix

25
Q

dysplasia is a strong precursor of malignancy; what is a cancer example?

A

Pap smears (cervical cancer)
– every 3 years from age 21
– 3-5 years hav test for ages 30-65

26
Q

what two cellular adaptations can cause cancer

A
  1. metaplasia
  2. dysplasia
27
Q

what are the 8 causes of cell injury

A
  1. oxygen deprivation
  2. chemical agents
  3. infectious agents
  4. immunological reactions
  5. genetic defects
  6. physical agents
  7. nutritional imbalances
  8. aging
28
Q

what are examples for oxygen deprivation

A
  1. Hypoxia- oxygen deficiency
    –> Inadequate oxygenation of the blood- pneumonia
    –> Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood- blood loss anemia or carbon monoxide poisoning in which forms a stable complex with hemoglobin that prevents oxygen binding
  2. Ischemia- loss of oxygenated blood supply to tissues
29
Q

what are examples of chemical agents

A

Poisons, air pollutants, CO, asbestos

30
Q

what are examples of infectious agents

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

31
Q

what are examples of immunological reactions

A

Autoimmune diseases

32
Q

what are examples of genetic diseases

A

Sickle cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia

33
Q

what are examples for physical agents

A

Trauma, heat, cold, electric shock

34
Q

what are examples for aging

A
  • Accumulation of damage by ROS
  • Loss of telomerase function
35
Q

what are examples of nutritional imbalances

A
  • Typically indirect cause of injury
    1. Nutrition; deficiencies
    –> Caloric or vitamin
    2. Excess nutrition
    3. Diabetes
    –> Can be caused by obesity
    ——– Excess blood sugar can damage cells
    4. Atherosclerosis
    –> Can be caused by diet rich in fats
    ——– Can result of blockage of coronary arteries
36
Q

what are the characteristics of reversible injury

A

cellular swelling and fatty change

37
Q

explain cellular swelling

A

Result of failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane, leading to an inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis

38
Q

examples fatty change

A

Occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury, and is manifested by the appearance of small or large lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Mainly occurs in cells involved in metabolism such as hepatocytes and myocardial cells

39
Q

explain irreversible injury

A
  1. Inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction
    –> Lack of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation
  2. Profound disturbances in membrane function
    –> Membrane dysfunction

Patho 2023 (37 decks)

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