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Patho 2023 > Neoplasia Lec 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant tumors?

A
  1. Large
  2. Poorly demarcated
  3. Rapidly growing with 4. hemorrhage and necrosis
  4. Locally invasive
  5. Metastatic
  6. Poorly differentiated
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2
Q

what are the characteristics of benign tumors

A
  1. Small
  2. Well demarcated
  3. Slow growing
  4. Non-invasive
  5. Nonmetastatic
  6. Well differentiated
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3
Q

how do you name a benign tumor?

A
  1. Adding suffix -oma to parenchymal tissue type
    –> Ex: adenoma, osteoma, hemangioma, leiomyoma, neuroma, glioma
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4
Q

what is a carcinoma and examples of them

A
  1. Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin
    –> Ex: adenocarcinoma
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5
Q

what is a sarcoma and examples of them?

A
  1. Malignant tumor of connective, muscle, endothelial tissues
    –> Ex: osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma
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6
Q

what is leukemia

A

malignant tumor of blood cells

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7
Q

what is a blastoma and examples of them

A
  1. Malignant tumor of neural tissues
    –> Ex: neuroblastoma, glioblastoma
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8
Q

what is grading a cancer mean?

A
  1. Determined by examination of tumor cell morphology
  2. Largely quantitative in nature
  3. Based on differ state and number of mitoses of tumor
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9
Q

what are the grades of cancers

A

Grade X, Grade I, Grade II, grade III, Grade IV

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10
Q

what is a grade X

A

Cannot be assessed (undetermined)

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11
Q

what is a Grade I

A

Well differentiated (low grade)

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12
Q

what is a grade II

A

Moderately differentiated (intermediate)

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13
Q

what is a grade III

A

Poorly differentiated (high grade)

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14
Q

what is a grade IV

A

Undifferentiated (high grade)

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15
Q

what does staging of cancers mean

A
  1. Based on size of primary lesion (T), extent of spread to lymph nodes (N), and presence or absence of metastases (M)
  2. Largely quantitative in nature
  3. The TNM system (tumor, node,metastasis)
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16
Q

what are the stages of tumors in TNM system?

A

T0, T1, T2,T3, T4

17
Q

what are the stages of nodes in the TNM system

A

N0, N1, N2, N3

18
Q

what are the stages of metastasis in the TNM system

A

M0, M1

19
Q

what are oncogenes

A

Genes that encode proteins that promote cancer

20
Q

what is some more information about oncogenes

A
  1. Translocation that makes protein with new function
    –> BCR-ABL
  2. Mutation that makes more active version of protein
    –> K-Ras
  3. Gene duplication and overexpression of normal protein involved in cell growth
  4. Dominant altercations and often single allele
  5. Normal version is proto-oncogene
  6. BCR-ABL results as chromosomal translocation
    –> Produces hyperactive kinase that drives proliferation in leukemia
21
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes

A

Genes that encode proteins that inhibit cancer

22
Q

what is some more information about tumor suppressor genes

A
  1. Most recessive and need homozygous deletion/mutation on both alleles
    –> RBI
    –> TP53 (gene of p53)
  2. Heterozygous mutations can be inherited and families can show inc. susceptibility
  3. Non-carriers require mutation on both alleles to develop cancer
  4. Carriers already have a recessive mutation on one; one more mutation on the other allele can cause cancer
23
Q

what does a loss of differentiation mean in cancer cells?

A
  • Anaplasia
  • Resemblance to undifferentiated or embryonic cells
24
Q

what does genetic instability mean in cancer cells

A
  1. Aneuploidy - loss of gain of chromosomes
  2. Point mutations
  3. Microsatellite instability - short, repetitive sequences of DNA
  4. Intrachromosomal instability - insertions, deletions, amd amplification of genes
25
Q

what do growth factor independence mean in cancer cells

A

Proliferation even in absence of growth factors

26
Q

what does loss of cell density dependent inhibition mean in cancer cells

A
  1. Lack of contact inhibition
  2. Necessary for invasion
  3. Rampant growth without regard for adjacent tissue
27
Q

what does anchorage independence mean in cancer cells

A
  1. Critical for metastasis
  2. Cancer cells frequently remain viable and multiply without normal attachments to other cells and the extracellular matrix
28
Q

what does faulty cell to cell communication mean

A

Formation of intercellular connections and responsiveness to membrane derived signals are frequently interfered in cancer cells

29
Q

what does unlimited life span mean

A

Cancer cells divide unlimited number of times

30
Q

what does antigen expression mean in cancer cells

A
  1. Cancer cells express many cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically identified as foreign (tumor antigens)
  2. Ex: fetal protections that are nor expressed by comparable cells in adult
  3. Tumor antigens may be clinically useful as cancer biomarkers
31
Q

what does abnormal production of proteins, hormones, etc. mean

A
  1. Cancer cells secrete degradative enzymes that enable invasion and metastatic spread
  2. Cancer cells may synthesize hormones that promote their own growth (ex: estrogen production by breast cancer)
  3. cancer cells may produce and secret procoagulant substances that affect clotting mechanisms
32
Q

what does cytoskeletal changes mean in cancer cells

A
  1. Changes in intermediate filament, actin filaments, and microtubules
  2. Abnormal cell morphology
  3. Facilitate invasion and metastasis

Patho 2023 (37 decks)

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