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Peds Test 1 > Parenting > Flashcards

Parenting Flashcards

0
Q

Why should physical punishment like spanking never be used in infancy?

A

Infants are at a increased risk for physical injury from spanking and cannot make the connection between the spanking and the undesirable behavior

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1
Q

Primary goal in discipline of newborn and infants

A

Teach infant limits

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2
Q

What is appropriate discipline in infants

A

Providing a safe environment, redirection away from undesirable behavior, and saying “no” in appropriate circumstances

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3
Q

Why is immediacy important in infancy

A

The infant cannot make connections between a subsequent punishment or discussion of behavior with earlier event itself

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4
Q

When can time out be used effectively

A

2.5-3 years of age

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5
Q

With what age is extinction a useful technique

A

2-3 year olds

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6
Q

What does extinction involve

A

Systemic ignoring of the undesired behavior

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7
Q

Should toddlers be made to share?

A

No, this is a concept they don’t understand

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8
Q

What psychosocial stage are newborn/infants in

A

Eriksons trust vs mistrust

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9
Q

What cognitive stage are newborn/infants in

A 
Piaget's Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) 
Objective performance (begins to develop between 4-7 months and solidifies at approximately 8 months)
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10
Q

When does objective performance begin? When does is solidify?

A

Begins to develop between 4-7 months and solidifies at approximately 8 months

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11
Q

What social/ emotional stage are newborn/infants in

A

Interaction with caregiver, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety

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12
Q

How do you promote growth and development in newborn/infant

A

Play, early learning, safety, nutrition, sleep/rest, healthy teeth and gums, potential concerns: colic, spitting up, thumb-sucking or pacifiers or security items

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13
Q

What psychosocial stage is a toddler in

A

Eriksons Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

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14
Q

What cognitive stage are toddlers in

A

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) or Piaget’s pre-operational (between 2-7)

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15
Q

What are moral/spiritual aspects with toddler

A

May find comfort in prayer routine and bible reading but understanding may be limited

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16
Q

Social and emotional aspects with toddler

A

Separation, individualism, egocentrism “me-do” “mine”

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17
Q

How do you promote growth and development in a toddler

A

Play, early learning, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy teeth and gums, potential concerns: toilet training, negativism, temper tantrum, thumb sucking and pacifiers, sibling rivalry, regression

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18
Q

What psychosocial stage are preschoolers in

A

Eriksons Initiative vs. Guilt

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19
Q

What cognitive stage are preschoolers in

A

Piaget’s pre-operational thought continues, magical thinking, imaginary friend

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20
Q

What moral and spiritual stage are preschoolers in

A

Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality (2-7) and punishment-obedience orientation

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21
Q

Social and emotional aspects in preschooler

A

Sense of identity, begin to differentiate gender, begin to interact “play” with each other, may show stranger anxiety

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22
Q

How do you promote growth and development in a preschooler

A

Play, early learning, language development, kindergarten readiness, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy teeth and gums, potential concerns: lying, sex education, masturbation

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23
Q

What psychosocial stage are school-age children in

A

Eriksons Industry vs. inferiority

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24
Q

What cognitive stage are school age children in

A

Piaget’s concrete operations

Capable of logical thought process

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25
Q

What age are kids that are capable of logical thought process

A

School age

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26
Q

What moral and spiritual stage are school age kids in

A

Kohlberg’s pre-conventional (age 4-8) and Conventional (ages 9-12) : concrete terms, avid learners, concepts of heaven hell, comforted by prayers/rituals

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27
Q

Social/Emotional aspect of school-age kids

A

Self-Esteem, body image, school age fears, peer relationships, influences of family, school, and teacher: sense of personal competence, increased independence, less egocentric

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28
Q

How do you promote growth and development in school school age kids

A

Play, learning, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy gums and teeth, potential concerns: TV and video games, school phobia, latchkey children, stealing, lying, cheating, bullying, tobacco and alcohol education

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29
Q

What psychosocial stage are adolescents in

A

Eriksons Identity vs. Role confusion

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30
Q

What cognitive stage are adolescents in

A

Piaget’s formal operations

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31
Q

Moral and spiritual concerns in adolescents

A

Kohlberg’s post conventional level 3

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32
Q

Social and emotional concerns in adolescents

A

Relationships with parents, self concept, body image, importance of peers, sexuality and dating

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33
Q

How do you promote growth and development in adolescents

A

Sports and physical fitness, learning, clubs or organized activities, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy teeth and gums, personal care, potential concerns: violence, substance abuse

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34
Q

Who has intense relationships with same sex friends

A

Early adolescence (11-13)

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35
Q

Who takes risk taking behaviors

A

Middle adolescence (14-17)

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36
Q

Milestone with late adolescence

A

Ability to compromise and set limits

18-20 years old

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37
Q

Issue with early adolescents

A

Lack of impulse control

11-13 years old

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38
Q

When is peak of parental conflicts

A

Middle adolescence (14-17)

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39
Q

What what ages do parental fears spike

A

Newborn, toddlers, adolescents

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40
Q

Why is anticipatory guidance important

A

Because general population don’t go to doctor for parenting issues early on

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41
Q

Educating parents and caregivers what to expect in the next stage of development

A

Anticipatory development

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42
Q

Excessive consumption of food

A

Binge eating

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43
Q

What is the difference between a nightmare and night terrors

A

After a nightmare a child is aroused and interactive. With a night terror short time after falling asleep the child seems to awaken but are not actually awake and you can’t wake them and they are screaming.

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44
Q

A child is awakened from REM sleep

A

Nightmare

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45
Q

When should you discuss a nightmare with a child

A

During daytime!

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46
Q

Should you dismiss a child’s nightmare?

A

No you should accept their fear

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47
Q

Does child usually remember what initial scare was with night terror?

A

No

48
Q

When do night terrors after occur

A

20-90 minutes after sleep onset

49
Q

Partial awakening from non-REM sleep

A

Night terrors

50
Q

What autonomic signs of night terrors

A

Rapid pulse, increased respirations, glassy look, yell or cry for 5-20 minutes

51
Q

What age do night terrors occur in

A

May occur as early as 9 months, peak 3-5 years

52
Q

Should you run in room and scream and shake a child having a night terror

A

NO! They do not awaken

53
Q

What may contribute to night terrors

A

Sleep deprivation

54
Q

What will happen if the parent is really stressed

A

The child will be really stressed

55
Q

Childhood fears are a _____ part of childhood

A

Normal

56
Q

Are childhood fears more common in girls or boys

A

Girls

57
Q

What is a action by the parents that may make childhood fears worse

A

If parents are fearful or anxious

58
Q

Common childhood fear in 1-2 year old

A

Falling, separation, toilets, animals

59
Q

Common childhood fear in 2-3 year old

A

Loud noises

60
Q

Common childhood fear in 2-6 year old

A

Darkness

61
Q

Common childhood fear in 3-5 year old

A

Monsters/ghosts

62
Q

Common childhood fear in 9 year old

A

New situations

63
Q

Common childhood fear in 10-12 year olds

A

War

64
Q

Common childhood fear in 12 year old

A

Burglars

65
Q

What should management of childhood fears be?

A

Reassure and educate parents, parents should respect child’s fears, try not to overreact or dismiss fears, plan discussion about fears, cause, and solution

66
Q

Is stranger anxiety normal

A

Yes it is a normal part of cognitive growth

67
Q

Stranger anxiety is rooted in

A

Object performance

68
Q

What is stranger anxiety influenced by

A

Temperament, presence of illness or fatigue, way stranger approaches them

69
Q

When does stranger anxiety peak?

A

8 months

70
Q

When is stranger anxiety usually gone

A

2.5-3 years

71
Q

When is second peak of stranger anxiety

A

18-20 months

72
Q

When can stranger anxiety begin to appear

A

3-9 months

73
Q

Management of stranger anxiety

A

Educate parents, do not “sneak away”, transitional objects, anticipate prolonged response/regression with major changes in routine

74
Q

What is refusal to attend school called

A

School phobia

75
Q

Are kids with school phobia sneaking staying home and not telling parents?

A

No, they stay home with parents knowledge. They just get severe emotional upset when in school

76
Q

Management of school phobia

A

Support parents, notify school personnel, assess home situation, possible referral to psychiatric care if it keeps going on

77
Q

How do temper tantrums result

A

Overwhelming frustrations

78
Q

When do you usually see temper tantrums

A

Toddlerhood

79
Q

What are characteristics of temper tantrums

A

Screaming, crying, and foot stomping

80
Q

What influence temper tantrums?

A

May be influenced by fatigue, overcrowding, stress, parental depression

81
Q

Temper tantrums may occur WEEKLY in ___-____% of toddlers

A

50-80%

82
Q

What is the goal of managing temper tantrums

A

Reinforce child’s control and calm—- try to ignore!

83
Q

What does giving into negative behavior do to a temper tantrum

A

Reinforces it.

If you say you are going to take something away you have to take it away

84
Q

What should you encourage parents to have before a temper tantrum

A

Have a plan!

85
Q

What are three types of disciplinary methods

A

Authoritarian type, communication approach, behavior modification approach

86
Q

What should you focus on with discipline strategies

A

Focus on behavior, not the child

87
Q

If you are going to use time out for discipline how do you know how long to out the child in time out

A

1 minute per age in years

88
Q

What type of punishment is linked to physical abuse

A

Corporal punishment

89
Q

What are parental risk factors for child abuse

A

Poverty, history of abuse, social isolation, young parent, unrealistic developmental expectations, poor impulse control, substance abuse, mental illness, parent stress

90
Q

Risk factors children have that may cause abuse

A

Prematurity, developmental delays, cognitive anomalies, behavioral problems, childhood stress

91
Q

When does sibling rivalry peak

A

Between 1-3 years

92
Q

What may make sibling rivalry more intense

A

If siblings are close in age and the same sex

93
Q

What are management strategies of sibling rivalry

A

Educate parent, prepare child for birth of baby, sharing and private space may be an issue, children will pattern behavior after parents, encourage children to settle own disagreements

94
Q

Should parents allow siblings to agree in a public place

A

NO, not appropriate

95
Q

When should a parent intervene with sibling rivalry argument

A

Only if agreement becomes too loud or physical

96
Q

When is toilet training usually completed by

A

Usually by 4

97
Q

Who tends to toilet train earlier boys or girls?

A

Girls

98
Q

____% Primary enuresis by age 4

A

40%

99
Q

____% Primary enuresis by age 5

A

30%

100
Q

What physical skills need to be present for toilet readiness

A

Voluntary sphincter control, stays dry for 2 hours, wakes up dry from nap, able to sit, walk, squat, can pull pants up and down

101
Q

What interpersonal skills need to be present for toilet readiness

A

Desire to please and to be dry, curiosity about the toilet, not telling you no about everything

102
Q

What cognitive skills need to be present for toilet readiness

A

Understands meaning of the work potty, follows directions, communicates needs

103
Q

What parental skills need to be present for toilet readiness

A

Desires to assist child with training, recognizes cues of child, no factors that may interfere

104
Q

Frequent well child visit schedule for infants

A 
14 days
30 days
2 months
4 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
15 months
18 months
24 months
105
Q

From 2 years on how often should child have a well doctors visit

A

Yearly

106
Q

What do most insurance change once a child turns 8

A

Only pay for well visits every 2 years

107
Q

What should kids drink

A

Only milk or water

108
Q

When should you begin brushing a child’s teeth twice a day

A

12 months

109
Q

When should a child use fluoride toothpaste

A

Over 12 months

110
Q

Should get fluoride varnishes twice annually from what age

A

9 months-3years

111
Q

Who are thumbsucking and pacifiers more common in

A

Slightly more common in girls

112
Q

Should you restrict nonnutritive sucking in infancy and toddlers

A

No there is no need to restrict it

113
Q

What may happen if thumbsucking/pacifier continue beyond 4-6 years

A

Malocclusion-teeth don’t come together

114
Q

When does thumbsucking/pacifier use peak?

A

18-20 months

115
Q

What are pacifiers linked to

A

Otitis media

116
Q

What is the traditional grandparent role

A

Supportive, assisting not taking parents place (part-time or limited), advising

117
Q

What is the Evolving grandparent role

A

Child care provider full time, primary custodial parent for the grandchild

Peds Test 1 (8 decks)

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