Parenting Flashcards
Why should physical punishment like spanking never be used in infancy?
Infants are at a increased risk for physical injury from spanking and cannot make the connection between the spanking and the undesirable behavior
Primary goal in discipline of newborn and infants
Teach infant limits
What is appropriate discipline in infants
Providing a safe environment, redirection away from undesirable behavior, and saying “no” in appropriate circumstances
Why is immediacy important in infancy
The infant cannot make connections between a subsequent punishment or discussion of behavior with earlier event itself
When can time out be used effectively
2.5-3 years of age
With what age is extinction a useful technique
2-3 year olds
What does extinction involve
Systemic ignoring of the undesired behavior
Should toddlers be made to share?
No, this is a concept they don’t understand
What psychosocial stage are newborn/infants in
Eriksons trust vs mistrust
What cognitive stage are newborn/infants in
Piaget's Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) Objective performance (begins to develop between 4-7 months and solidifies at approximately 8 months)
When does objective performance begin? When does is solidify?
Begins to develop between 4-7 months and solidifies at approximately 8 months
What social/ emotional stage are newborn/infants in
Interaction with caregiver, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety
How do you promote growth and development in newborn/infant
Play, early learning, safety, nutrition, sleep/rest, healthy teeth and gums, potential concerns: colic, spitting up, thumb-sucking or pacifiers or security items
What psychosocial stage is a toddler in
Eriksons Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
What cognitive stage are toddlers in
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) or Piaget’s pre-operational (between 2-7)
What are moral/spiritual aspects with toddler
May find comfort in prayer routine and bible reading but understanding may be limited
Social and emotional aspects with toddler
Separation, individualism, egocentrism “me-do” “mine”
How do you promote growth and development in a toddler
Play, early learning, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy teeth and gums, potential concerns: toilet training, negativism, temper tantrum, thumb sucking and pacifiers, sibling rivalry, regression
What psychosocial stage are preschoolers in
Eriksons Initiative vs. Guilt
What cognitive stage are preschoolers in
Piaget’s pre-operational thought continues, magical thinking, imaginary friend
What moral and spiritual stage are preschoolers in
Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality (2-7) and punishment-obedience orientation
Social and emotional aspects in preschooler
Sense of identity, begin to differentiate gender, begin to interact “play” with each other, may show stranger anxiety
How do you promote growth and development in a preschooler
Play, early learning, language development, kindergarten readiness, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy teeth and gums, potential concerns: lying, sex education, masturbation
What psychosocial stage are school-age children in
Eriksons Industry vs. inferiority
What cognitive stage are school age children in
Piaget’s concrete operations
Capable of logical thought process
What age are kids that are capable of logical thought process
School age
What moral and spiritual stage are school age kids in
Kohlberg’s pre-conventional (age 4-8) and Conventional (ages 9-12) : concrete terms, avid learners, concepts of heaven hell, comforted by prayers/rituals
Social/Emotional aspect of school-age kids
Self-Esteem, body image, school age fears, peer relationships, influences of family, school, and teacher: sense of personal competence, increased independence, less egocentric
How do you promote growth and development in school school age kids
Play, learning, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy gums and teeth, potential concerns: TV and video games, school phobia, latchkey children, stealing, lying, cheating, bullying, tobacco and alcohol education
What psychosocial stage are adolescents in
Eriksons Identity vs. Role confusion
What cognitive stage are adolescents in
Piaget’s formal operations
Moral and spiritual concerns in adolescents
Kohlberg’s post conventional level 3
Social and emotional concerns in adolescents
Relationships with parents, self concept, body image, importance of peers, sexuality and dating
How do you promote growth and development in adolescents
Sports and physical fitness, learning, clubs or organized activities, safety, nutrition, sleep and rest, healthy teeth and gums, personal care, potential concerns: violence, substance abuse
Who has intense relationships with same sex friends
Early adolescence (11-13)
Who takes risk taking behaviors
Middle adolescence (14-17)
Milestone with late adolescence
Ability to compromise and set limits
18-20 years old
Issue with early adolescents
Lack of impulse control
11-13 years old
When is peak of parental conflicts
Middle adolescence (14-17)
What what ages do parental fears spike
Newborn, toddlers, adolescents
Why is anticipatory guidance important
Because general population don’t go to doctor for parenting issues early on
Educating parents and caregivers what to expect in the next stage of development
Anticipatory development
Excessive consumption of food
Binge eating
What is the difference between a nightmare and night terrors
After a nightmare a child is aroused and interactive. With a night terror short time after falling asleep the child seems to awaken but are not actually awake and you can’t wake them and they are screaming.
A child is awakened from REM sleep
Nightmare
When should you discuss a nightmare with a child
During daytime!
Should you dismiss a child’s nightmare?
No you should accept their fear
Does child usually remember what initial scare was with night terror?
No
When do night terrors after occur
20-90 minutes after sleep onset
Partial awakening from non-REM sleep
Night terrors
What autonomic signs of night terrors
Rapid pulse, increased respirations, glassy look, yell or cry for 5-20 minutes
What age do night terrors occur in
May occur as early as 9 months, peak 3-5 years
Should you run in room and scream and shake a child having a night terror
NO! They do not awaken
What may contribute to night terrors
Sleep deprivation
What will happen if the parent is really stressed
The child will be really stressed
Childhood fears are a _____ part of childhood
Normal
Are childhood fears more common in girls or boys
Girls
What is a action by the parents that may make childhood fears worse
If parents are fearful or anxious
Common childhood fear in 1-2 year old
Falling, separation, toilets, animals
Common childhood fear in 2-3 year old
Loud noises
Common childhood fear in 2-6 year old
Darkness
Common childhood fear in 3-5 year old
Monsters/ghosts
Common childhood fear in 9 year old
New situations
Common childhood fear in 10-12 year olds
War
Common childhood fear in 12 year old
Burglars
What should management of childhood fears be?
Reassure and educate parents, parents should respect child’s fears, try not to overreact or dismiss fears, plan discussion about fears, cause, and solution
Is stranger anxiety normal
Yes it is a normal part of cognitive growth
Stranger anxiety is rooted in
Object performance
What is stranger anxiety influenced by
Temperament, presence of illness or fatigue, way stranger approaches them
When does stranger anxiety peak?
8 months
When is stranger anxiety usually gone
2.5-3 years
When is second peak of stranger anxiety
18-20 months
When can stranger anxiety begin to appear
3-9 months
Management of stranger anxiety
Educate parents, do not “sneak away”, transitional objects, anticipate prolonged response/regression with major changes in routine
What is refusal to attend school called
School phobia
Are kids with school phobia sneaking staying home and not telling parents?
No, they stay home with parents knowledge. They just get severe emotional upset when in school
Management of school phobia
Support parents, notify school personnel, assess home situation, possible referral to psychiatric care if it keeps going on
How do temper tantrums result
Overwhelming frustrations
When do you usually see temper tantrums
Toddlerhood
What are characteristics of temper tantrums
Screaming, crying, and foot stomping
What influence temper tantrums?
May be influenced by fatigue, overcrowding, stress, parental depression
Temper tantrums may occur WEEKLY in ___-____% of toddlers
50-80%
What is the goal of managing temper tantrums
Reinforce child’s control and calm—- try to ignore!
What does giving into negative behavior do to a temper tantrum
Reinforces it.
If you say you are going to take something away you have to take it away
What should you encourage parents to have before a temper tantrum
Have a plan!
What are three types of disciplinary methods
Authoritarian type, communication approach, behavior modification approach
What should you focus on with discipline strategies
Focus on behavior, not the child
If you are going to use time out for discipline how do you know how long to out the child in time out
1 minute per age in years
What type of punishment is linked to physical abuse
Corporal punishment
What are parental risk factors for child abuse
Poverty, history of abuse, social isolation, young parent, unrealistic developmental expectations, poor impulse control, substance abuse, mental illness, parent stress
Risk factors children have that may cause abuse
Prematurity, developmental delays, cognitive anomalies, behavioral problems, childhood stress
When does sibling rivalry peak
Between 1-3 years
What may make sibling rivalry more intense
If siblings are close in age and the same sex
What are management strategies of sibling rivalry
Educate parent, prepare child for birth of baby, sharing and private space may be an issue, children will pattern behavior after parents, encourage children to settle own disagreements
Should parents allow siblings to agree in a public place
NO, not appropriate
When should a parent intervene with sibling rivalry argument
Only if agreement becomes too loud or physical
When is toilet training usually completed by
Usually by 4
Who tends to toilet train earlier boys or girls?
Girls
____% Primary enuresis by age 4
40%
____% Primary enuresis by age 5
30%
What physical skills need to be present for toilet readiness
Voluntary sphincter control, stays dry for 2 hours, wakes up dry from nap, able to sit, walk, squat, can pull pants up and down
What interpersonal skills need to be present for toilet readiness
Desire to please and to be dry, curiosity about the toilet, not telling you no about everything
What cognitive skills need to be present for toilet readiness
Understands meaning of the work potty, follows directions, communicates needs
What parental skills need to be present for toilet readiness
Desires to assist child with training, recognizes cues of child, no factors that may interfere
Frequent well child visit schedule for infants
14 days 30 days 2 months 4 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 15 months 18 months 24 months
From 2 years on how often should child have a well doctors visit
Yearly
What do most insurance change once a child turns 8
Only pay for well visits every 2 years
What should kids drink
Only milk or water
When should you begin brushing a child’s teeth twice a day
12 months
When should a child use fluoride toothpaste
Over 12 months
Should get fluoride varnishes twice annually from what age
9 months-3years
Who are thumbsucking and pacifiers more common in
Slightly more common in girls
Should you restrict nonnutritive sucking in infancy and toddlers
No there is no need to restrict it
What may happen if thumbsucking/pacifier continue beyond 4-6 years
Malocclusion-teeth don’t come together
When does thumbsucking/pacifier use peak?
18-20 months
What are pacifiers linked to
Otitis media
What is the traditional grandparent role
Supportive, assisting not taking parents place (part-time or limited), advising
What is the Evolving grandparent role
Child care provider full time, primary custodial parent for the grandchild
