Parcial S6 P2

Question 1

Decision making models and their function

Answer 1

Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model
These models attempt to explain what happens in an individual’s mind when trying to decide how to act in a given situation.

Question 2

Health behavior models attempt to

Answer 2

Health behavior models attempt to predict and change negative health behavior and decisions by first understanding how those decisions are made.

Question 3

Health Belief Model history

Answer 3

HBM was developed in 1958 to attempt to explain why people in the United States did not participate in prevention strategies for tuberculosis.

Question 4

Health Belief Model -The two perceptions related to why people practice health behavior

Answer 4

1. The perceived threat of the disease
2. The perceived effectiveness of the recommended health behavior

Question 5

Perceived threat

Answer 5

Is a combination of both perceived susceptibility and perceived severity.
- How likely are you to get the disease?
- If I get it, how bad will it be?
Assumes that if a person perceived they are likely to become ill, they act in a way to avoid that outcome.

Question 6

Response effectiveness

Answer 6

Is a combination of the potential benefits of a behavior and the perceived barriers (costs) to the action.
An individual is likely to pursue an action if there are large benefits and few barriers.

Question 7

Components of HBM

Answer 7

• Perceived threat
• Response effectiveness
• Cues to action
• Health motivation

Question 8

Cues to action

Answer 8

Are triggers experienced by an individual that encourage them to act. These cues can be internal, such as noticing symptoms, or external, such as advice from family member,

Question 9

Health motivation

Answer 9

Refers to a dispositional attitude towards health. Some people place more importance on their health than others and are more likely to follow a given health action.

Question 10

HBM suggests that people are likely to follow a given health action if

Answer 10

1. They think they are susceptible to the disease.
2. They think the illness is serious.
3. They believe that the benefits of action outweigh the costs.
4. They are exposed to triggers for action.

Question 11

Effectiveness of HBM

Answer 11

Has been effective in personalized interventions designed to change the behavior of a single person.

Question 12

Sohl and Moyer (2007) meta-analysis

Answer 12

Meta-analysis of 28 studies between designed to evaluate the effectiveness of MCS in personalized interventions to promote mammography use. They concluded that personalized intervention based on the MCS alongs with a physician recommendation were effective in promoting mammography.

Question 13

Downing-Matibag and Geisinger (2009) explanation

Answer 13

Examined sexual risk taking among college students. The researchers found that the HBM could be useful in understanding why students had unprotected sex with friends, acquaintances, and strangers. The qualitative study was based on 71 college students who reported hooking up experiences. The questionaries focused on finding out why participants did not use protections during encounters.

Question 14

Downing-Matibag and Geisinger (2009) conclusion

Answer 14

Students’ perceived susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections was found to be misinformed, and this influenced their decision to engage in risky sexual behavior because they did not believe they could contract an STI.

Question 15

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 15

TPB is an attempt to explain why people engage in or avoid certain behaviors. Developed by Ajzen in 1985.

Question 16

What does Theory of Planned Behavior maintain?

Answer 16

That it is a combination of attitude, social norms, and the amount of control people believe they have over intended behavior.

Question 17

Theory of Planned Behavior Attitude

Answer 17

People tend to have preconceived thoughts and feelings about their behaviors.

Question 18

How is attitude determined?

Answer 18

Attitude towards a behavior is determined by how people evaluate how they would feel if they performed the behavior and how they evaluate the consequences of performing the behavior.
How you think and what you know.

Question 19

Relationship of norms to behavior and what is it called

Answer 19

If a society values healthy eating and physical activity, then individuals in that society are more likely to engage in that behavior.
This reinforcement is known as precautionary norms.

Question 20

Precautionary norms

Answer 20

Our perception of whether a behavior will generate approval or disapproval is determined by the norms of the society in which we live.

Question 21

Descriptive norms

Answer 21

It’s important that other people also engage in that behavior. Perception of what others do helps determine behavior.
When someone perceives that others are engaging in a health behavior, that person is more likely to engage in that behavior as well.

Question 22

Norms

Answer 22

People are influenced by the attitudes and actions of those around them. Social norms and the actions of others play an important role in our behavior.

Question 23

Perceived behavioral control in TPB

Answer 23

Similar to self-efficacy. People typically do not intend to do something they consider impossible or out of their control.

Question 24

Types of perceived behavioral control in TPB

Answer 24

1. Perceived control
2. Perceived trust

Question 25

Perceived control TPB

Answer 25

Individuals tend to attempt change in behavior only when there is a belief that they can make that change

Question 26

Perceived trust in TPB

Answer 26

People tend to avoid trying to change in situations where they expect to fail.

Question 27

Injunctive norms

Answer 27

What other think about a behavior.

Question 28

Approach of health promotion

Answer 28

Approach focused on improving health through policies that affect the health of the entire population, rather than individuals

Question 29

Why did health promotion become a priority?

Answer 29

Political leaders realized that a healthy working population was a necessity for a growing economy

Question 30

Health promotion definition

Answer 30

Can be defined as the process that enables people to increase control over and improve their health

Question 31

Most effective health promotion campaigns

Answer 31

take an ecological approach, means that it is directed at the determinants of environmental health that surround individuals in a society: individual, family and friends, organizations, community and government policies.

Question 32

The social ecological model of health promotion

Answer 32

individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, policy

Question 33

Why is education important?

Answer 33

Education is basic in health campaigns because people must first understand the implications of a behavior to understand the need for change.

Question 34

Key idea behind education as a preventative factor is

Answer 34

the theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 35

Principles of the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 35

1. People are conscious when their beliefs and actions are inconsistent
2. People are uncomfortable with these inconsistencies.
3. People will strive to align their beliefs and actions

Question 36

How can people align their beliefs and actions?

Answer 36

1. Change your beliefs
2. Change your actions
3. Rationalize your irrational actions

Question 37

Goal of education in health promotion campaigns is

Answer 37

to create cognitive dissonance by influencing an individual’s beliefs about a certain behavior.

Question 38

How can rationalization become more difficult?

Answer 38

If an individual is made to believe that a behavior is unhealthy, rationalization becomes more difficult and an individual is more likely to need to change that behavior to resolve the cognitive dissonance.

Question 39

Fear appeals

Answer 39

are persuasive messages that emphasize the potential danger and harm that people will suffer if they do not adopt the recommendations in the message

Question 40

Witte and Allen (2000) meta-analysis

Answer 40

meta-analysis of fear appeal campaigns found that fear could be a strong motivator for health behavior, but that fear appeals need to be companied by strong self-efficacy messages.

Question 41

Tannenbaum et al (2015) meta-analysis

Answer 41

meta-analysis of 132 articles examining a
wide range of actions, including dental hygiene, HIV/AIDS prevention, and drug or alcohol abuse. Found that fear appeals work better in some situations that in others.
Fear appeals were more effective with one-time behaviors, than with ongoing behaviors.

Question 42

Legislation and health behaviors

Answer 42

Healthy behaviors are also often encouraged through government legislation, for example in the form of food labels, age limits for consumption, and geographic limitations on sales

Question 43

Food labelling as intervention

Answer 43

The idea is that the concept of cognitive dissonance is taken to the product level. Consumers are reminded of the potentially negative health implications every time they look at a product.

Question 44

Theory of Planned Behavior overall

Answer 44

Attitude
Subjective Norm
Perceived Behavioral Control

Behavioral Intention

Actual Usage

Question 45

Health Belief Model overall

Answer 45

Perceived Threat
Response Effectiveness
Health Motivation
Cues to Action

Behaviour