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VET 410: Endocrinology > Parathyroid Pathology > Flashcards

Parathyroid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

carnivore parathyroid glands

A

4 total

two associated with each thyroid gland (1 internal, 1 external)

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2
Q

horse parathyroid glands

A

many; difficult to find

upper: medial/dorsal to thyroid near internal carotid

lower: near thoracic inlet

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3
Q

ruminant parathyroid glands

A

near parotid and mandibular LNs

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4
Q

what do parathyroid glands look like histologically

A

pink due to being highly vascularized

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5
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

low PTH leading to hypocalcemia

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6
Q

clinical signs of hypoparathyroidism

A

tetany/paresis (“seizures”)

dogs: tetany
ruminants: paresis (milk fever)

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7
Q

causes of hypoparathyroidism

A
  1. idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
  2. surgery
  3. milk fever
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8
Q

idiopathic hypoparathyroidism

A

immune mediated destruction of PTG leading to lymphocytic parathyroiditis and atrophy of the chief cells

gets replaced with fibrous tissue

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9
Q

how does surgery lead to hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental removal of PTG during a thyroidectomy
OR
intentional removal of a parathyroid adenoma

PTG adenoma –> atrophy of other PTGs
- if removed, other PTGs need time to “reactivate”
- leads to hypocalcemia after surgery

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10
Q

milk fever

A

parturient paresis/hypocalcemia

the high demand on dairy cows for milk production and fetal development leads to hypocalcemia after parturition –> paresis (downer cow)

do NOT supplement high Ca feed because will suppress PTGs with negative feedback - need to feed low Ca feed to increase demand on PTGs

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11
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

high PTH levels leading to either hyper OR hypocalcemia

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12
Q

causes of hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. primary hyperparathyroidism
  2. secondary nutritional
  3. secondary renal
  4. humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
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13
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

functional PTG adenoma leading to excess PTH secretion

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14
Q

what lesion is associated with primary hyperparathyroidism

A

1 enlarged PTG, the rest atrophied

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15
Q

Ca, P, and PTH levels with hyperparathyroidism

A
  • high Ca
  • low/normal P
  • high/inappropriately normal PTH
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16
Q

what species is primary hyperparathyroidism common in

A

dogs > cats

17
Q

clinical signs of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

vomiting, anorexia, urinary calculi, constipation, PU/PD, weakness/lethargy, fibrous osteodystrophy

or NO clinical signs

18
Q

is primary hyperparathyroidism associated with metastatic mineralization

A

no because high PTH suppresses phosphorus, so the [Ca] x [P] does not exceed 60-80

19
Q

secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A

low dietary Ca/vitamin D3 or high dietary P

20
Q

what lesion is associated with secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A

diffuse PTG hyperplasia (all 4 enlarged)

21
Q

what species is secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism common in

A

dogs, cats, primates, horses, birds, reptiles

22
Q

clinical signs of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A

fibrous osteodystrophy
(“big head” in horses, “rubber jaw” in dogs)

23
Q

Ca and PTH levels in secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A
  • low Ca
  • high PTH
24
Q

secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

A

CKD leads to:
1. decreased renal functional mass
2. increased FGF-23

which causes decreased activation of vitamin D3 (low calcitriol) –> decreased absorption of Ca and P from GI tract

25
Q

what lesion is associated with secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

A

diffuse PTG hyperplasia (all PTGs enlarged)

26
Q

clinical signs of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

A

metastatic mineralization and fibrous osteodystrophy

27
Q

what 3 locations are common sites of metastatic mineralization

A

kidneys
stomach lining
lung

28
Q

Ca and PTH levels in secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

A
  • low Ca
  • high PTH
29
Q

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

secretion of PTHrP from certain tumors leading to hyperparathyroidism

30
Q

what species and tumor types is humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy common in

A

dogs, cats

lymphosarcoma, anal sac adenocarcinoma, carcinomas, sarcomas

31
Q

is metastatic mineralization common in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

no - protective against it (similar to primary hyperparathyroidism) because it decreases P levels

32
Q

Ca, P, and PTH levels with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

A
  • high Ca
  • low/normal P
  • high PTH
33
Q

C cell disorders of growth

A

hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma

34
Q

what species are C cell growth disorders common in

A

horses
dogs
dairy bulls

35
Q

what C cell growth disorder is common in dogs

A

C cell hyperplasia from a parathyroid tumor

PTG adenoma –> inc PTH –> hypercalcemia –> overstimulation of C cells to secrete calcitonin

36
Q

what C cell growth disorder is common in dairy bulls

A

C cell hyperplasia OR C cell adenoma (if chronic)

dairy bulls eat high Ca diet –> overstimulation of C cells to secrete calcitonin –> hyperplasia of C cells

can become a C cell tumor if chronically overstimulated

37
Q

what lesion is associated with C cell growth disorders

A

hyperplasia of C cells within the thyroid interstitium

VET 410: Endocrinology (14 decks)

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