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VET 410: Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland Pathology > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

retroperitoneal space - cranial and medial to the kidneys

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2
Q

what blood vessel are the adrenals closely associated with

A

phrenicoabdominal vein

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3
Q

what is the normal cortex to medulla ratio

A

factor of 3

(1:1:, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 3:1)

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4
Q

is the zona glomerulosa distinct on histology

A

yes

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5
Q

is the zona fasiculata and reticularis distinguishable from each other on histology

A

no

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6
Q

what zone(s) produce cortisol

A

zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

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7
Q

what zone(s) produce aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

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8
Q

what is the primary regulator of cortisol

A

ACTH

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9
Q

what is the primary regulator of aldosterone

A

ANG II

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10
Q

adrenocortical hemorrhage

A

blood in the interstitium of the adrenal gland

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11
Q

what species does adrenocortical hemorrhage occur and what are the causes

A

foals

stress, sepsis, toxemia

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12
Q

can you differentiate between hemorrhage and congestion grossly

A

no - need histology

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13
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

what species is adrenalitis common in

A

dogs

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15
Q

what are the causes of adrenalitis

A

granulomatous: fungal or parasitic
lymphocytic: immune mediated (affects all 3 layers)

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16
Q

idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy (IAA)

A

atrophy of all three cortical layers

suspected to be caused by lymphocytic adrenalitis

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17
Q

what endocrinopathy occurs secondary to IAA

A

hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

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18
Q

what lesion is associated with IAA

A

atrophied cortex

(1:6 to 1:10 cortex:medulla ratio)

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19
Q

what species is IAA common in

A

dogs

20
Q

adrenal trophic atrophy

A

atrophy of the zona fasiculata and reticularis caused by low ACTH production from the pituitary

21
Q

pathogenesis of trophic atrophy

A

low ACTH –> under stimulation of fasiculata/reticularis –> low cortisol production

22
Q

is the zona glomerulosa affected in trophic atrophy

A

NO - because aldosterone secretion is NOT stimulated by ACTH

23
Q

what are the causes of trophic atrophy

A
  1. pituitary masses - can cause over/under/no change in production of ACTH; if causes underproduction - leads to trophic atrophy
  2. iatrogenic - chronic administration of exogenous glucocorticoids leads to negative feedback on pituitary –> shuts down ACTH production –> trophic atrophy
24
Q

adrenal disorders of growth

A

hyperplasia –> adenoma –> carcinoma

25
Q

is nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal gland associated with an endocrinopathy

A

NO

26
Q

can you differentiate medullary vs cortical adenomas grossly

A

NO

27
Q

what is a unique feature of adrenal carcinomas

A

can recruit hematopoietic cells - will see bone marrow cells present in tumor

28
Q

hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

A

overproduction of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

29
Q

what species is Cushing’s most common in

A

dogs

30
Q

clinical signs of Cushing’s

A
  • PU/PD/PP
  • truncal alopecia
  • pot-belly
31
Q

what are the types of Cushing’s disease

A
  1. pituitary dependent
  2. adrenal dependent
  3. iatrogenic
32
Q

pituitary dependent cushing’s

A

most common form

caused by a functional pituitary tumor leading to over secretion of ACTH

33
Q

what lesion is associated with pituitary dependent Cushing’s

A

bilateral adrenal hypertrophy

34
Q

adrenal dependent Cushing’s

A

less common form

adrenal cortical adenoma/carcinoma leading to over secretion of cortisol

35
Q

what lesion is associated with adrenal dependent Cushing’s

A

unilateral adrenal atrophy (of the contralateral adrenal gland)

mass in one adrenal, other one atrophies

36
Q

iatrogenic Cushing’s

A

caused by exogenous administration of glucocorticoids

37
Q

what lesion is associated with iatrogenic Cushing’s

A

trophic atrophy

atrophy of the zona fasiculata and reticularis

38
Q

hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)

A

adenoma or carcinoma of the zona glomerulosa

leads to hyper secretion of aldosterone –> excess water and Na retention –> hypertension

treat w/ loop diuretics

RARE in veterinary species

39
Q

is neoplastic metastasis to the adrenals common

A

yes - highly vascularized

40
Q

what is the most common endocrinopathy of ferrets

A

adrenal associated endocrinopathy (AAE)

41
Q

adrenal associated endocrinopathy (AAE)

A

hyperplasia/adenoma/carcinoma of the adrenals

carcinomas more common than benign

42
Q

pathogenesis of AAE

A

early gonadectomy –> loss of GnRH suppression –> overstimulation of LH –> overproduction of sex steroids –> excess estrogen in blood

43
Q

what are clinical signs of AAE

A

females: enlarged vulva
symmetrical hair loss
PU/PD
high estrogen in blood
bone marrow suppression

44
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)

45
Q

in what species are pheochromocytomas most common in

A

dogs, horses, ruminants, ferrets

46
Q

what is the main clinical sign of pheochromocytomas

A

episodic hypertension

caused by episodic overproduction of epi/NE –> increases BP

47
Q

what is dangerous about surgical removal of pheochromocytomas

A

often cause dangerously high spikes in blood pressure due to massive release of epi/NE during manipulation

VET 410: Endocrinology (14 decks)

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