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VET 410: Endocrinology > CBLs 1 & 2 > Flashcards

CBLs 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a stress (cortisol) leukogram in dogs

A

neutrophilia
lymphopenia
monocytosis
eosinopenia

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2
Q

Addison’s disease: Na and K levels

A

hyperkalemia
hyponatremia

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3
Q

Addison’s disease: glucose levels

A

hypoglycemia

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4
Q

Addison’s disease: cholesterol

A

hypocholesterolemia

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5
Q

Addison’s disease: CBC findings

A

NNN anemia
normal leukogram despite being sick (no stress leukogram bc no cortisol)

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6
Q

Addison’s disease: heart rate/rhythma

A

bradyarrhythmic

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7
Q

what tests are done to diagnose Addison’s disease

A
  • ACTH stimulation test (good rule-out test)
  • resting cortisol (good rule-in test)
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8
Q

what is the best liver function test

A

bile acids

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9
Q

Addison’s disease: cortisol concentration

A

low (<2)

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10
Q

Addison’s disease: aldosterone concentration

A

typical Addisons: low
atypical Addisons: normal

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11
Q

Addison’s disease: vasopressin concentration

A

high
(stimulated by dehydration)

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12
Q

Addison’s disease: insulin concentration

A

low
(hypoglycemic)

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13
Q

Addison’s disease: T4 concentration

A

low to normal
(possible euthyroid sick syndrome - mediated by more than just cortisol)

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14
Q

Addison’s disease: ACTH concentration

A

high

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15
Q

typical addisons

A

cortisol & aldosterone deficiency
- low aldosterone –> electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia)
- low cortisol –> GI signs, leukogram changes, anemia, hypoglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia

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16
Q

atypical addison’s

A

cortisol deficiency only
- normal aldosterone –> no electrolyte imbalances
- low cortisol (same signs as above)

17
Q

how do you treat Addison’s disease

A
  • fluids (bolus + CRI)
  • 5% dextrose (bolus + CRI)
  • exogenous cortisol
  • percorten (exogenous aldosterone)
18
Q

common causes of PU/PD

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. hyperthyroidism
  3. renal disease
  4. hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)
  5. Cushing’s
  6. diabetes insipidus (central)
  7. pyometra/pyelonephritis
  8. iatrogenic
  9. Addison’s
  10. hepatic insufficiency
  11. renal glucosuria
  12. hypokalemia
19
Q

what are the mechanisms for the development of PU/PD (6 total)

A
  1. central DI
  2. primary nephrogenic DI
  3. secondary nephrogenic DI
  4. osmotic diuresis
  5. psychogenic
  6. multifactorial
20
Q

how does central DI cause PU/PD

A

lack of ADH production in pituitary –> reduced water reabsorption in kidneys

21
Q

how does primary nephrogenic DI cause PU/PD

A

congenital defect of ADH receptor –> reduced water reabsorption in kidneys

22
Q

how does secondary nephrogenic DI cause PU/PD

A
  • blocking of ADH release from pituitary
  • blocking of ADH V2 receptors in collecting ducts

ex. Cushing’s, hypercalcemia, glucocorticoids, hypokalemia, bacterial endotoxins

23
Q

how does osmotic diuresis cause PU/PD

A

something pulls water into the renal tubules

ex. diabetes mellitus, renal glucosuria, renal disease, post-obstructive diuresis, drugs

24
Q

how does psychogenic mechanisms cause PU/PD

A

young, anxious dogs

25
Q

how do multifactorial mechanisms cause PU/PD

A

ex. hyperthyroidism

  • high RBF/GFR
  • psychogenic
  • downregulation of AQP
26
Q

Hyperthyroidism: heart rate/murmurs

A

systolic murmur
tachycardia

often leads to HCM in cats

27
Q

Hyperthyroidism: liver enzymes

A

reactive hepatopathy (elevated ALT)

28
Q

what tests are used to diagnose hyperthyroidism

A

total T4

(free T4 and TSH less common)

other options: nuclear scintigraphy, cervical ultrasound, check PE for thyroid slip, fundic exam for hypertension signs

29
Q

Hyperthyroidism: TSH levels

A

low (should be 0)

30
Q

Hyperthyroidism: free T4 levels

A

high

31
Q

Hyperthyroidism: total T4 levels

A

high

32
Q

Hyperthyroidism: TGAA levels

A

normal (undetectable)

33
Q

Hyperthyroidism: PTH levels

A

normal

(calcium levels should be normal)

34
Q

T3 suppression test

A

administering exogenous T3 then measuring T3, total T4, and TSH

35
Q

T3 suppression test in a euthyroid cat

A

expect DECREASE in total T4 and TSH
- exogenous T3 will suppress TSH and the production of T4

36
Q

T3 suppression test in a hyperthyroid cat

A

expect NO CHANGE in total T4 and TSH
- loss of negative feedback on T4 due to primary hyperthyroid; administering T3 will not suppress T4 production
- TSH is already suppressed from excess T4, will still be low

37
Q

reversible treatments for hyperthyroid

A

methimazole
limited iodine diet

38
Q

irreversible treatments for hyperthyroid

A

radioactive iodine (gold standard)
thyroidectomy (less common in cats)

VET 410: Endocrinology (14 decks)

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