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VET 410: Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland Physiology > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

retroperitoneal space

cranial and medial to the kidneys

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2
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
medulla

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3
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa produce

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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4
Q

what does the zona fasciculata produce

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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5
Q

what does the zona reticularis produce

A

androgens

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6
Q

what does the medulla produce

A

catecholamines (epi/NE)

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7
Q

what type of hormones are produced in the cortex

A

steroids (derivatives of cholesterol)

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8
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

maintain sodium and potassium balance and ECF volume

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9
Q

what is the main target of aldosterone

A

kidneys

promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

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10
Q

what are the main regulators of aldosterone secretion

A
  • RAAS system
  • Na/K concentration
  • ACTH
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11
Q

what is the main stimuli for the RAAS system

A

low renal blood flow
low Na/Cl delivery
SNS innervation

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12
Q

RAAS overview

A
  1. JGA senses stimuli and secrete renin
  2. renin converts angiotensinogen –> ANG I
  3. ACE (lungs) converts ANG I –> ANG II
  4. ANG II stimulates aldosterone secretion, vasoconstriction, and NE/epi/ADH secretion
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13
Q

hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s syndrome; RARE

caused by a primary aldosterone secreting tumor in the adrenal cortex (glomerulosa)

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14
Q

what electrolyte imbalances are caused by hyperaldosteronism

A

hypokalemia
hypernatremia

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15
Q

what is the main clinical sign of hyperaldosteronism

A

hypertension

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16
Q

hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s disease

caused by immune mediated destruction of all adrenal cortical layers

17
Q

what electrolyte imbalances are caused by hypoadrenocorticism

A

hyponatremia
hyperkalemia

can get hypoglycemia

18
Q

what are the main clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism

A

hypovolemia
cardiac arrhythmias

19
Q

what test can be used to diagnose hypoadrenocorticism

A

ACTH stimulation test

cortisol levels will NOT increase following exogenous ACTH administration

20
Q

function of cortisol

A

many functions (metabolic, immune, cardiovascular, renal)

21
Q

what are the targets of cortisol in the body

A

all tissues express cortisol receptors

22
Q

what receptor type does cortisol use

A

cytosolic

23
Q

pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)

A

Cushing’s disease caused by a primary pituitary tumor that secretes excess ACTH

leads to overstimulation of the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) with loss of negative feedback on ACTH

24
Q

what lesion is associated with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism

A

bilateral adrenal gland enlargement

25
Q

adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism

A

Cushing’s caused by a primary adrenal tumor that secretes excess cortisol

26
Q

what lesion is associated with adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism

A

unilateral adrenal mass
contralateral adrenal atrophy

27
Q

what is the difference in serum ACTH levels in pituitary dependent and adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism

A

pituitary dependent: HIGH ACTH from lack of negative feedback

adrenal dependent: LOW ACTH from negative feedback

28
Q

what cell type is found in the adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin cells

29
Q

chromaffin cells

A

synthesize and secrete catecholamines

extension of SNS - acts as a postganglionic sympathetic neuron w/o axons

30
Q

what controls catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells

A

sympathetic innervation

31
Q

what is the primary stimuli for catecholamine release

A

stress

hemorrhage, hypoxia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, low perfusion, anesthesia, surgery, fear

32
Q

function of catecholamines

A

regulate cardiovascular and metabolic processes

33
Q

what are the targets of catecholamines

A

many - the action depends on the receptor type

34
Q

what are the cardiovascular receptors and effects of catecholamines

A

a1: vasoconstriction
a2: inhibits NE reuptake, decreases BP
B1: increase HR/contractility, stimulates renin
B2: vasodilation and bronchodilation

35
Q

what are the metabolic receptors and effects of catecholamines

A

a and B receptors - main goal is to increase blood glucose
liver: stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
adipose: stimulate lipolysis
pancreas: inhibits insulin secretion and stimulates glucagon secretion

36
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

adrenal medulla tumor that episodically secretes excess catecholamines

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of a pheochromocytoma

A

episodic: weakness, collapse, panting, tachypnea, tachycardia, arrhythmias, systemic hypertension, hyperglycemia

VET 410: Endocrinology (14 decks)

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