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VET 410: Endocrinology > Endocrine Pancreas Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pancreas Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what cells make up the exocrine pancreas

A

acinar cells - contain dark pink zymogen granules

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2
Q

what cells make up the endocrine pancreas

A

islet cells (A, B, D, F) - light pink staining

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3
Q

what cells makes up the majority of islet cells

A

beta cells that secrete insulin and amylin

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4
Q

insulin function

A

major anabolic hormone
decreases BG by:
1. facilitating glucose entry into cells
2. converting glucose into glycogen
3. inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

also stimulates lipogenesis and protein synthesis

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5
Q

glucagon functions

A

increases BG by:
1. stimulating glucogenogenesis
2. stimulating glycogenolysis

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6
Q

diabetogenic hormones

A

hormones that counter the effects of insulin

  • glucagon
  • glucocorticoids
  • thyroxine
  • epinephrine
  • growth hormone
  • progesterone
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7
Q

what are the three categories of endocrine pancreatic pathology

A
  1. decreased function
  2. inflammation
  3. disorders of growth
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8
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance

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9
Q

what are the mechanisms of acquiring DM

A
  1. inadequate release of insulin by B cells (type I)
  2. decreased sensitivity of target tissues to insulin (type II)
  3. antagonism of insulin by other hormones/drugs
  4. glucagonoma
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10
Q

clinical signs of DM

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • glucosuria
  • weight loss
  • normal/increased appetite
  • PU/PD
  • protein catabolism
  • dec. CHO metabolism
  • dec. lipogenesis
  • inc. ketones (DKA)
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11
Q

what type of DM is most common in dogs

A

type I - insulin dependent

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12
Q

what signalment is common in dogs with DM

A

middle aged/older dogs

genetic basis - some breed predispositions (Keeshonds, Goldens)

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13
Q

pathogenesis of DM in dogs

A
  1. vacuolar degeneration of B cells
  2. diffuse, nonspecific islet cell necrosis
  3. isletitis (immune mediated destruction of B cells)
  4. pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  5. insulin antagonism (Cushing’s, glucagonoma)
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14
Q

what type of diabetes is most common in cats

A

type II - non-insulin dependent

later stages of disease can become insulin dependent - often still need tx with insulin supplementation

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15
Q

what signalment is common in cats with DM

A

older, male cats

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16
Q

risk factors for cats to develop DM

A
  • obesity
  • islet amyloidosis
  • lymphocytic inflammation
  • pituitary adenoma (GH secreting tumor)
17
Q

how does islet amyloidosis occur in cats

A

B cells deposit amylin within the islet - forms amyloid plaques

18
Q

how does GH secreting pituitary tumor lead to DM

A

excess GH overstimulates the liver –> overproduction of IGF-1 –> inhibits insulin

19
Q

what secondary lesions are often associated with DM

A
  1. diffuse hepatic lipidosis
  2. cataracts
  3. peripheral neuropathy (plantigrade stance)
  4. secondary infections (pneumonia, cystitis, dermatitis)

especially emphysematous cystitis

20
Q

islet hyperplasia

A

nesidioblastosis

proliferation of islet cells
- NOT associated with endocrinopathy

21
Q

what species is islet neoplasia common in

A

dogs, ferrets

22
Q

can you identify adenoma vs carcinoma of islet neoplasia grossly

A

NO - need immunohistochemistry

23
Q

is islet neoplasia associated with an endocrinopathy

A

yes

24
Q

insulinoma

A

beta cell tumors that secrete insulin –> hypoglycemia

commonly metastasizes to liver and adjacent hepatic lymph nodes

25
Q

what species is insulinomas common in

A

ferrets

26
Q

clinical signs of insulinoma

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • elevated insulin
  • weight loss
  • weakness/lethargy
  • neurologic signs (seizures, stupor, star-gazing)

ferrets: drooling (ptyalism), pawing at mouth

27
Q

glucagonoma

A

alpha cell tumor that secretes glucaon

28
Q

what species is glucagonoma common in

A

dogs

29
Q

what secondary endocrinopathies are associated with glucagonoma

A

diabetes mellitus
SND (dermatopathy)

30
Q

gastrinoma

A

gastrin-producing tumor of the islet cells

(gastrin is NOT usually made by the islets - likely from embryonic malformation)

31
Q

zollinger-elliison syndrome

A

hypergastrinemia that leads to:
- antral mucosal hyperplasia
- gastroduodenal ulers
- reflex esophagitis

32
Q

clinical signs of a gastrinoma

A

anorexia, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss

33
Q

chemodectoma

A

“Extra adrenal paraganglioma”

tumor of aortic and carotid bodies

(looks like a pheochromocytoma but located in great vessels)

34
Q

what species does chemodectoma occur commonly in

A

dogs (brachycephalics) due to chronic hypoxia

35
Q

pineal gland function

A

produced melatonin for pigmentation

36
Q

what pathology is common in pineal glands of horses

A

granulomatous inflammation of pineal gland

37
Q

does horse pineal gland inflammation result in an endocrinopathy

A

NO

VET 410: Endocrinology (14 decks)

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