Parasitology - Lecture 17 (large Animal Parasites) Flashcards
What are the different things that come into play when consideeing Swine parasites
- production animal or pet
- Producers…established or transient?
- wide range of management practices
When consideing swine nematodes, what are the main organs that are infected
- esophoghus
- stopmach
- small intestine
- cecum
- large intestine
Discuss the basics of Asacaris Suum
- The pig ascarid; infects the small intestine
- Females produces lots of eggs; eggs can survive in soil for years
- Young pigs are most suceptible and contributye most to envionrmtentakl contamination
- Life cycle: Larvated egg ingested orally –<> :3 hatches i intestine –> migrates to liver –> lung –> trachea –> coughed up and swwallowed –> small inestine (L4, adult) –> egg in feces
no in utero or transmammry transmission
Discuss the pathologic effects of Ascaris Suum
Pathologic effects:
- Adult worms –> intestine (interfere with nutrition, occlude lumen, obstruct bile and pancreatic ducts)
- Migrating: 1) Liver –> fibrosis (Milk spot livers) 2) Lungs –> inflammation, secondary infections (Thumps) …. Respiratory disease
Note that in larval stage, it mianly cuases repsiratory disease ….. but once it gets to the lungs, then this is when it causes dmage (severe)
When considering Ascaris suum, discuss “Milk spot liver”
- Not lcinically significant for the pig but is economically significant since these livers are condemned
ASCARIS SUUM IS ZOONOTIC
Discuss the diagnossi of Ascaris suum and note the egg size for lab exam
Feccal flotation –> 80 um size egg, fluffy albumin on egg
Discuss the prevetnion and control of Ascaris suum
- drugs alone are NOt sucessful
- prevent accumulation of eggs
- yada yada yada
Discuss treatment and control of Ascaris Suum
Drugs: piperazine
- Pyrantel –. only drug approved to kill larvae upon hatching
-
Discuss the basics for Strongyloides ransomi
- intestinal threadowmr; lives in small intestine; has similar lifecycle too the dog threadowrm
- Parasitic and free lviing life cycles
NOTE THAT Transmmammary transmission is important because ?? the lecture doesnt say why so ..
Discuss the life cycle of Strongyloides ransomi
- Adult female in small intestine –> Larvated egg (L1) –> ground –> hatches –> L2, L3 –> host via ingestion or skin pentration –> can go to ‘mammary gland’ OR L3 from the free lving cycle can infect the host
- Pre patent period = 5 daus via oral (including tarnsmammary)
Discuss pathology and clinical signs for Stronglyoides spp
also talk about diagnosis and egg size
- Usually asymptomatic
- Acute disease
- Chronic –> older pigs
- Larvae undergo tissue migration to the lungs
SKin penetration, inflammation, sensitization, mange like
Antemortem –< fecal fkioat for larvated 50 um egg
blah blah blah
Discuss treatment and control for Strongyloides spp
Prevent transmammary transmiison:
- the best PREVENTION METHOD IS to treat the sows with IVERMECTIN
- Treat piglets with ivermectin too
Envionment –> restrict acces to moist, muddy areas
Discuss the different pig stomach worms
- Physocephalus
- Ascarops
- Hyostrongylus
Discuss the physocephalus and ascarops pig stomach worms
- Physocephalus spp and Ascarops Spp
Both are thick, white stomach worms
- clinically insiginficant and not typoically treated
Discuss the pig stomach worm known as Hystrognylus rubidis
- Clinically signifcant
- Life cycle:
- Adult in stomach –> strongygle egg –> pasture –> L1 … L3 –> pig ingests –> L3 emebds in stomach mucosa –> L4 –> adult emerges in lumen of stomach
Discuss diagnosis, pathology, and prvention/control for hystrongylus rubidis
Pathology –> usually a disease of adult pigs at pasture; inappatence; gastritis, ulcers
Diagnosis: postmortem –> 80 um strongyle egg
Prevention and control:
treat breeding stock on pasture; fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin
Discuss oesophagostomum spp
oesophagostomum –> the nodular worm
- strongygle
- large intestine as an adult
- Larva (L4) can encyst in the intestinal mucosa
- Pasture operations, poor managment conditions
Life cycle:
Adult in large intestine –> strongyle egg –> pasture –> L1 … L3 –> L4 (encysts in intestinal wall) –> adult in lumen of large intestine
Clinical disease is usally due to L4 encysted in intestinal wall:
- nodule formation:
- - granuloma formation in large intestine
- Nodules with inflammation –> intestinal dysfucntion –> chornic diahhrea
- Chronic diahhrea is usually fetid
- May not detect eggs in feces duirng clinical disease –> enysted larvae dont produce eggs
-
Discuss the pathology of Oesophagostomum spp
also discuss the diagnosis and treatment
Clinical disease is presumptively based on clinical signs and history
- 80 um strongyle eggs
Treatment –> Fenbendazole; pyrantel; ivermectin Use this at the 16 week treatment
Discuss the basics for trichuris suis
Trichuris suis:
- whipworm –> in cecum and large intestine
- Prouces fewer eggs than Ascaris suum and eggs survive years in th envonrment
- reinfection is common
Life cycle: Adult in LI –> egg –> larvated egg –> pig ingests –> adult in LI and cecum
FOR THE EXAM, KNOW THAT TRICHURIS SUIS AND ASCARIS ARE THE ONLY PARASITES THAT UTILIZE A “LARVATED EGG”
PATHOLOGY:
- head embeds in the mucosa and dmages intestinal epithelium
- most sevre damage in pigs is 10-16 weeks old
Diagnosis:
- fecal float –> fecal jewel egg
- Adult - whip like - attached to the mucosa
what egg is this
Trichuris suis
Discuss the basics for Globocephalus spp
- Hookworm –> Globocephalus spp
- hookowrm in small intestine: sucks blood to cause anemia
- strongyle type egg
- rare in pigs
NOTE that I left info out on “Acanthocephalan” and also “Gonglyonema”
also identify this egg
Discuss Metastrognylus spp –> swine lungworm
Metastrongylus spp:
- earthworm intermediate host is a reservoir for transmission
- clinical signs occur relatively late – in finsihers
Life cycle: adult in the lung –> coughed up and swallowed –> larvated egg in feces –> earthworm ingests larvated egg –> pig ingests earthworm
Pathology : Migrating larvae –> irritation, inflmammatuin –> cough, secondary infectioons
- chronic adult infection –> lung consolidation, cough, secondary infections
Discuss diagnosis and control for Metasyrongykus spp
- fecal float –> uncommon – larvated eggs, 55 x40 um
- Necropsy - adulkts are in bronchi
Prevention/control: Fenbendazole, ivermectin
Discuss Stephanus dentatus, the swine kidney worm
- Stephanurus dentatus: swine kidney wor –> strongygle
- adult worm is in perirenal area: lives in cysts/granulomas that communicate with the ureter –> eggs are in the urine
Life cycle:
- adult –> lays stronggyle eggs in urter –> ground via urine —> L1 – L3 –> host (oral or skin penetration) –> migrates to liver (L4) (stay in liver 4-9 months) liver damage –> retropiertoneal tissue –> adult in perirenal area
- earthworms are paratenic hosts (reservoir) –> Facultative intermeidate hosts –> NOT required for development*
- adult worms live in perirenal fat
PPP = 9-16 months
For a swine (nematode) review, discuss Ascaris suum and also Strongyloides
Ascaris suum:
- Adult worms –> decereased weight gain
- Larva –> hepatic fibrosis and pneuomnia
- Lots of effective anthekmintics, but only in feed pyrantel is effective aginst migrating larva
- Treat sows before farrowing to decrease contamination
For the sine enmatode review, discuss Hyostrognylus
Again, for the swine nematode review, discuss 2 new species, Oesophagostomatum and Truchruis suum
Oesophagostomum –> the nodular worm
- strongygle in large intestine
- L4 encyst in large intestinalmucosa and incites granulomatous inflammation and intestinal dysfunction –> chronic fetid diahhrea
- Treat pastured stock
Trichuris suis –> the whipworm:
- Hematochezia
- eggs survive in enviornment for yars
- Affects puigs of any age > 6 weeks
- Routine fenbendazole treatment
