Parasitology - Lecture 12 (Miscellaneous Nematodes) Flashcards
When considering Gi nematodes, discuss stomach worms
- ollulanus
- Physaloptera
What type of stomach worm is Ollulanus and discuss the basics
- Cat stomach worm
- Usually feral cats and catteries
- Transmission: Directly transmitted by ingestion of larvae or adults in vomitus (No fecal transmission)
- internal autoinfection –> entire life cycle can occur in the stomach > number of worms keeps increasing
Discus the pathologic effects, diagnosis, and treatment of Ollulanus
- Pathologic effects and clinical signs:
- Heavy burdens - chronic gastritis and vomiting
- auto infectiion can result in hhhigh worm burden
- can result in emacation and death if left untreated - Diagnosis: demonstrate tiny worms in fresh (nonrefrigerated) vomitus by Baeerman
- Endoscopic biopsies
Treatment: 5 day course of benbendazole
Tretramisole
Discuss the basics of Phylasoptera
- stomach worm of dogs and cats
- Larvated egg shed in feces
- L3 develops in bettle/crickets
- required intermediate host
- Intermediate host can be eaten by birds or rodents (paratenmic host)
-Paratenic or intermediate host eaten by cat/dog
Discuss the pathologic effects, diagnosis and treatment od phylasoptera
- Pathologic effects and clinical signs: chronic gasttritis and chronic vomiting
- Diagnosis: fecal floats often dont work; **direct smear ** is better for fidning eggs; adults in vomitus; **endoscopy **
- Treatment: Pyrantel pamoatel; fenbendazole
Which nematode lives in the small intestine
Strongylkoides
Discuss strongyloides
- intestinal threadworm in small intestine
- Complicated life cycle
- Propogation of infectious L3 by envionmental stages leads to highky contaimnated enviironments
Discuss the clinical siogns of strongyloides
- Usually asymptomatic –> immunity develops in immuncompetent hosts
- Puppies and kittens are highly susceptible
- Possible clinical signs:
- dermatits due to L3 penetration
- Bronchopneumonia due to lung migrations
- Adults in intestine watery diahhrea, dehydrartion - Immune sytem controls infection so **immunosuppression ** can lead to hyperinfection resulting in emacation and death
Discuss the diagnosi, treatment, and zoonosis for Strongyloides
In short:
- diagnosis: fecal float to look for larva in feces
- Treatment: ivermectin, fenbendazole
Control: dry environment: free living stages are susceptible to cold and dry
potentially zoonotic - can be transmitted from dogs to humans
Which nematode lives in the large intestine
Trichuris vulpis
Discuss trichuris vulpis
Trichuris vulpis –> whipworm
- whip shaoed worm in large intestine of **dog ** and cat
- Thin hair like anterior and embeds in the large intestinal mucosa
Discuss the trichuris vulpis lifecycle
Transmission: ingestion of larvated egg from environment
Egg shed in feces larvate in environment:
- takes about 1 month in the environment to become infectious
Eggs hatch when eaten, larvae develop to adults in intestine
- PPP is 3 months
Discuss the clinical signs and diagnosis of trichuris
Pathologic effects and clinical signs:
- usually asymptomatic
- large numbrs can cause bloody diahhrea, weight loss, dehydration
Diagnosis: Fecal floats –> floats well but egg outpout is often low
Antigen ELISA –> if no eggs on float but you supect Trichuris, a **fecal ELISA test ** is available
Discuss the treatment of trichuris
Treatment: Fenbendazole; macrocyclic lactones –> milbemycin, moxdectin
- Larva are not suspectibe to anthelmintics
- Control is difficult –> eggs survive in enviornment for a long time and dogs tend to get reinfected
Discuss the different lungworms in dogs and cats
Dogs: Oslerus and Eucoleus
Cats: Aelurostrongylus
Discuss Oslerus Osleri
- Dog lungworm –> found in nodules at bifurcation of trachea
- Life cycle: Female worm deposits egg in trachea which hatches immediately > L1 coughed up and swallowed > **infectious L1 larvae ** are shed in feces
- Direct transmission by ingesdtion of feces
- Major mode of infection = nursing pups when dam licks them and L1 transferred vai septum
Discus the clinical signs, diagnsois, and treatment of Osleri osleri
- Clinical signs: hard dry cough broughton by the cold or exercise; nodules can eventually obstruct air passages
- Diagnosis: bronchoscopy –> nodules are pathognomic; tracheal wash; fecal floatation: look for LARVAE IN FECES
Treatment: –> difficult; goal is to **reduce nodule size and lcinical signs ** –> cure if often times not achieved;
- fenbendazole
- ivermectin
Discuss Aelurostrongylus
Cat lungworm: relatively common; found in the lung parenchyma
Discuss the life cycle of Aelurostrongylus
- L1 shed in feces (not infectious)
- L2 developsin snail/slug
- required intermediate host- Intermediate host eaten by birds/rodents/reptiles (**paratenic hosts)*
- paratenic or intermeidate host is eaten by cat
Discuss the clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Aelurostyrongylus
- Clinical signs:
- asymptomatic
- moderate: coughing to anorexia
- Severe: coughing, panting, shortness, of breath, death
Diagnosis: fecal float to find larvae in feces
Baeerman to look for L1 in larvae in feces
Treatment: Fenbendazole
Ivermectin, selamectin - 2 treatments one month apart
Discuss the Eucoleus species
- E. aerophila - bronchial capillarid primarily in foxes (also dogs and cats); clinically inapparent to mild respiratory signs; cough; nasal discharge
- E. boehmi –> nasal capillarid (chronic rhinitis)
- diagnose by fecal float for eggs
Both treatable with ivermectin and fenbendazole
Discuss the different urinary system worms
- Dioctophyma renale
- ## Pearsonema plica
Discuss Dioctophyma
- the giant kidney worm of dogs
- the **largest nematode ** in veterinary medicine
- Lives in the kidney–> almost always in the right kidney
- normal defintiive host is the mink
Discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and transmission of Dictophyma
Transmission:
- eggs shed in urine
- Intermediate host: aquatic worms
- Paratenic hosts: usually freshwater fish
Transmission to definitive host usually via undercooked freshwater fish or water containing infected aquatic worms
Diagnosis: eggs found in urine sedimentation
Treatment: surgical removal
