Parasitology Flashcards
(127 cards)
0
Q
Organism responsible for watery, foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning Strawberry cervix
A
Trichomonas vaginalis
1
Q
Most common cause of chronic diarrhea in patients with HIV
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Cryptosporidium parvum
2
Q
Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease and what is this disease?
A
Balantidium coli Balantidial dysentery
3
Q
Most common tapeworm in developed countries Has polar filaments and six-hooked larva
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Hymenolepsis nana
4
Q
Province in Mindanao not affected by Schistosomo japonicum
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Misamis Oriental
5
Q
Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum
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Snail Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi
6
Q
Intermediate host of Paragonimus Westermani
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Snail (Antemelania asperata) Mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina)
7
Q
Most common and largest intestinal nematode Sometimes referred to as pencil size worm
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Ascaris lumbricoides
8
Q
What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritus of scalp or trunk; nits seen on hair shaft?
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Lice (Pediculus humanus)
9
Q
What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritus in pubic area; nits seen on hair shaft?
A
Lice (Phthirus pubis)
10
Q
What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritic, painful, and erythematous nodule; larva may be seen emerging from nodule?
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Flies (Dermatobia hominis)
11
Q
What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritic, erythematous wheal?
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Bedbugs (Cimex lecturalius)
12
Q
What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritic, erythematous papules, and linear tracks
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Mites (Sarcoptes scabei)
13
Q
What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause ascending paralysis?
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Ticks (Dermacentor)
14
Q
Zoonotic roundworms Ingested in raw seafood Causes eosinophilic gastroenteritis
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Anisakis simplex
15
Q
Most common cause of parasitic meningitis Eosinophilic meningitis Transmitted in undercooked seafood
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis
16
Q
Dog and cat hookworm that cause creeping eruptions (cutaneous larva migrans)
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Ancylostoma caninum Ancylostoma braziliense
17
Q
Visceral larva migrans Ocular larva migrans Uveitis Endophthalmitis
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Dog ascaris (Toxocara canis)
18
Q
Transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water Findings: Live worm in skin ulcer and pruritic painful papule
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Guinea fire worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
19
Q
Characterized by Subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings) Worm crawling across the conjunctiva
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Loa loa
20
Q
Findings: Dermal nodules Hanging groin Lizard skin River blindness
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Onchocera volvulus (Transmitted by female blackfly)
21
Q
Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms
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Symbiosis
22
Q
One species benefits without harming/ benefiting the other
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Commensalism
23
Q
Both species benefit one another
A
Mutualism
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One species benefits while harming the other
Parasitism
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Lives inside the body of the host Presence in host connotes infection
Endoparasite
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Lives outside the body of the host Presence in host connotes infestation
Ectoparasite
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Needs a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation
Obligate parasite
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May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises
Facultative parasite
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Establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live in/on
Accidental or Incidental parasite
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Remains on host for life
Permanent parasite
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Lives on host for short period of time
Temporary parasite
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Free living organism that passes through digestive tract without infecting the host
Spurious parasite (Technically not a parasite kasi dumaan lang pero wala namang ginawa sa host)
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Parasite attains sexual maturity here
Definitive or Final host
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Organism that harbors the asexual or larval stage
Intermediate host
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Parasite that does not develop further to later stages
Paratenic host
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Allows life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
Reservoir host
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Transmits parasites from one host to another
Vector
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Transmits parasite only after it has completed its development
Biologic vector
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Only transports the parasite
Mechanical or Phoretic Vector
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Process of inoculating an infective agent
Exposure
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Establishment of infective agent inside host
Infection
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Between infection and evidence of symptoms
Incubation period (Clinical)
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Between infection and demonstration of infection
Pre-patent period (Biological)
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Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
Autoinfection
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Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection
Hyperinfection or Superinfection
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Eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles Exhibits Brownian movement
Entamoeba histolytica (Brownian movement - Pseudopod-forming nonflagellated protozoa
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Trasmission: Fecal-oral route Infective stage: Mature cyst Diagnostic stage: Trophozoites, mature cysts, immature cysts
Entamoeba histolytica
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Pathogenesis Lectin mediates adherence Amebapores used for penetration Cysteine proteases for cytopathic effect
Entamoeba histolytica (Cytopathic effect - cellular destruction)
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What is the most common extraintestinal form of Entamoeba histolytica?
Amebic liver abscess
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Could present with Dysentery without fever Flask shaped colon ulcers Cyst carrier state Amebic colitis Ameboma Anchovy sauce-like aspirate
Entamoeba histolytica (Ameboma - associated with dysentery) (Anchovy sauce-like aspirate - Amebic liver abscess)
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Treatment for 1) Amebic cyst carrier state 2) Amebic colitis 3) Amebic liver abscess
1) Diloxanide furoate 2) Metronidazole 3) Metronidazole or percutaneous draingae for nonresponders
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Transmission: Fecal-oral route Infective: Cyst Diagnostic: Trophozoites, Cysts
Giardia lamblia
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Falling leaf motility Covered with variant surface proteins Flagellate that lives in the duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum
Giardia lamblia
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Pathogenesis Leads to enterocyte apoptosis Villous flattening Crypt hypertrophy Disruption of cytoskeleton Adhesive disc and lectin facilitates attachments
Giardia lamblia
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Acutely presents with excessive flatus that smells of rotten eggs Chronically presents with steatorrhea, constipation and weight loss What is the organism and treatment?
Giardia lamblia Metronidazole (Steatorrhea - malabsorption)
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Undergoes Shizogony and Gametogony Acid-fast organism Opportunistic intestinal protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum
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What organism is the most common cause of diarrhea in patients with HIV?
Cryptosporidium parvum
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Transmission: Fecal-oral route Infective: thich-walled oocytes Diagnostic: thick-walled oocytes
Cryptosporidium parvum
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Usually is a self-limited non bloody diarrhea but can be life threatening if CD4 \< 200 What organism causes this and what's the treatment?
Organism: Cryptosporidium parvum Treatment: Nitazoxanide (Life threatening due to autoinfection)
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It is a urogenital protozoan Exists only as a trophozoite It is pear shaped and flagellated
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Transmission: sexual intercourse, "Ping-pong" Infective: trophozoite Diagnostic: trophozoite
Trichomonas vaginalis
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What is the disease and organism that cause: Watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning Punctate hemorrhages in the cervix? And what is the treatment?
Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (Punctate hemorrhage: strawberry cervix) Treatment: Single oral dose of 2 grams (four 500mg tabs) of Metronidazole
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Most important parasitic disease in man
Plasmodium
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Transmission: bite of infected female mosquito Infective: Sporozoite Diagnostic: Trophozoites (ring forms on RBC)
Plasmodium
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What do you call the mosquito responsible for Plasmodium spread?
Anopheles flavirostis minimus
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What organism releases merozoites and splenic sequestration of infected cells from the destruction of RBCs Premonition is seen in individuals who completely recover from the disease
Plasmodium (Premonition: partial immunity)
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Asexual cycle: 48 hours Periodicity: Malignant tertian RBC preference: All ages Parasitemia: Highest Merozoites: 0 (zero) Gametocytes: Banana shaped Cerebral malaria: Yes Recrudescence: Yes Relapse: No Drug resistance: Many
Plasmodium falciparum
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Asexual cycle: 48 hours Periodicity: Benign tertian RBC preference: Young RBCs Parasitemia: Low Merozoites: 12-24 Gametocytes: Large round Cerebral malaria: No Recrudescence: No Relapse: Yes Drug resistance: Few
Plasmodium vivax
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Asexual cycle: 72 hours Periodicity: Benign quartan RBC preference: Old RBCs Parasitemia: Lowest Merozoites: 6-12 Gametocytes: Compact Cerebral malaria: No Recrudescence: Yes Relapse: No Drug resistance: Few
Plasmodium malariae
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Asexual cycle: 48 hours Periodicity: Benign tertian RBC preference: Young RBCs Parasitemia: Low Merozoites: 8 Gametocytes: Small round Cerebral malaria: No Recrudescence: No Relapse: Yes Drug resistance: Few
Plasmodium ovale
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What do you call the recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement (2-4 weeks)?
Recrudescence
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What do you call the return of a disease after its apparent cessation (1-6 mos) due to reactivation of hypnozoites
Relapse
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How do you diagnose Plasmodium?
Thin and thick smears with Giemsa stain Thick to screen for the presence Thin for species identification (Highest yield when blood samples taken during fever or 2-3 hours after peak)
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What do you call punctate granulations present in RBCs and invaded by what organism?
Schuffner dots P. ovale & P. vivax
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What do you call coarse granulations present in RBCs and invaded by what organism?
Maurer dots Plasmodium falciparum
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What do you call fine dots present in RBCs and invaded by what organism?
Ziemann dots Plasmodium malariae
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Presents with: Paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains Hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly Parasitic pneumonitis Dürck granulomas Blackwater fever Algid malaria
Plasmodium Dürck granulomas (Cerebral malaria) Blackwater fever (Acute renal failure) Algid malaria (Septic shock)
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Areas of high endemicity of plasmodium?
Palawan, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur
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Areas of chloroquine resistance?
Palawan, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley
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Treatment for plasmodium 1) Drug of Choice 2) Chloroquine-resistance 3) Eradication of hypnozoites 4) Severe cases or pregnant
1) Chloroquine 2) Mefloquine + Doxycycline 3) Primaquine 4) Quinidine or Quinine
81
What drug will you use for prophylaxis: 1) Areas without resistant P. falciparum 2) Areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum 3) Areas with multidrug resistant P. falciparum
1) Chloroquine 2) Malarone or Mefloquine 3) Doxycycline
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Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections and alternative for primary prevention
Primaquine
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Tissue protozoan Definitive host is the domestic cat Humans and other mammals are intermediate hosts
Toxoplasma gondii
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Transmission: Ingestion of cysts in raw meat, contaminated food, transplacentally Infective: Fecal oocytes Diagnostic: Trophozoite (bradyzoites)
Toxoplasma gondii
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What are the two types of trophozoites and what they do?
Tachyzoites are rapidly multiplying and CMI limits its spread Bradyzoites are slowly multiplying and important in tissue diagnosis
86
What is the preferred diagnostic test for Toxoplasma gondii?
IgM antibody
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1) Immunocompetent hosts: Heterophil-negative mononucleosis 2) Immunocompromised hosts: Encephalitis 3) Congenital: Abortion, stillbirth, neonatal disease with hydrocephalus, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and hepatosplenomegaly What causes this and what's the treatment?
Toxoplasma gondii (Encephalitis: Ring enhancing lesions) (Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Intracranial calcification) Tx: Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
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Blood and tissue protozoan Transmitted by reduviid bug Has 4 forms: Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, Trypomastigote
Trypanosoma cruzi
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Transmission: Reduviid bug (Triatoma) bite Infective: Metacyclic trypomastigotes Diagnostic: Trypomastigotes in blood
Trypanosoma cruzi
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Myocardial, glial, and reticuloendothelial cells are frequent sites Cardiac muscle is the most frequently and severely affected tissue
Trypanosoma cruzi
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Diagnosis done through Stained BMA or muscle biopsy Culture of the organism on special medium Xenodiagnosis
Trypanosoma cruzi (Xenodiagnosis: allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed onthe patient)
92
What do you call the disease and organism that presents with the ff and its treatment: Romañas sign Chagoma Fever LAD Hepatosplenomegaly
Acute Chagas' disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi Nifurtimox (Romaña's sign: Periorbital edema Chagoma: Nodule near bite)
93
What do you call the disease and organism that presents with the ff and its treatment: Myocarditis Megacolon Megaesophagus
Chronic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi Nifurtimox (Megaesophagus: achalasia)
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Blood and tissue protozoan Has 2 forms: epimastigote, trypomastigote Antigenic variation
Trypanosoma brucei
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Transmission: tsetse fly (Glossina) bite Infective: Metacyclic trypomastigotes Diagnostic: Trypomastigotes in blood
Trypanosoma brucei
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Spread from the skin through the blood to the lymph nodes and the brain Somnolence progresses to coma due to demyelinating encephalitis Cyclical fever spike
Trypanosoma brucei Cyclical fever spike (every 2 weeks) due to antigenic variation Rhodesian more rapid and fatal than gambian
97
Indurated skin ulcer Intermittent weekly fever and LAD Winterbottom's sign Kerandel's sign Excessive somnolence Mott cells What is the organism and treatment?
Tryponosoma brucei Suramin for blood borne disease Melarprosol for CNS penetration (Winterbottom's sign: Enlargement of the posterior and cervical LN Kerandel's sign: hyperesthesia Mott cells: plasma cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules)
98
Most common cause of red tide in the Philippines?
Pyrodinium bahamense variety compressum (Dinoflagellate) Algal blooms cause red tide These are flagellated marine protists
99
Transmission by eating bivalve mollusks and fish. Filter feeders accumulate toxins produced by these organisms and what is the treatment?
Dinoflagellates Gastric lavage with activated charcoal Supportive fluid resuscitation Endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure Neostigmine and edrophonium to improve muscle weakness
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Facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure. Incubation of 15 minutes What is the toxin and syndrome involved?
Saxitoxin Paralytic syndrome
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Facial paresthesia, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea. Incubation of 15 minutes.
Brevetoxin Neurotoxic syndrome
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Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. Incubation of 30 minutes.
Okadaic acid toxin Diarrhetic syndrome
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Diarrhea, short-term memory loss, seizures. Incubation of 30 minutes.
Domoic acid toxin Amnesic syndrome
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What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Free living ameba Associated with keratoconjunctivitis associated with contact lens
Organism: Acanthamoeba castellani Disease: Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
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What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Free living ameba Acquired while swimming in contaminated pools
Organism: Naegleria fowleri Disease: Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
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What is the ONLY ciliated protozoan to cause human disease and what is this disease? Associated with pigs Round based, wide necked intestinal ulcers
Disease: Balantidial dysentery Organism: Balantidium coli
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What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Ixodes tick bite Intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross
Organism: Babesia microti Disease: Babesiosis
108
What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Transmitted by sandfly (Phlebotomus) Infective: promastigotes Can have cutaneous, visceral/ kala-azar, or mucocutaneous manifestations
Organism: Leishmania spp. Disease: Leishmaniasis Treatment: Stibogluconate (antimony compounds)
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What organism exhibits these? Coccidial sporozoa Causes diarrhea in immunocompromised patients
Cyclospora cayetanensis & Isospora belli
110
Intestinal cestodes Differentiated based on scolex and gravid proglottids Transmission: undercooked pork/meat Infective: cysticerci (both), eggs (x) Diagnostic: Gravid proglottids What is the organism?
Taenia spp. X: Taenia Solium
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What cestode has 4 suckers, a rostellum and 5-10 uterine branches in gravid proglottids?
Taenia solium
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What cestode has 4 suckers, no rostellum and 15-25 uterine branches in gravid proglottids?
Taenia saginata
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Minor intestinal damage from adult tapeworms Cystecerci can become SOLs in the brain What is the organism and the treatment?
Taenia spp. Praziquantel
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Abdominal pain Weight loss Pruritus ani Intestinal obstruction
Taenia saginata
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Mild intestinal symptoms Small infective eggs cross the BBB which can cause seizures (neurocysticercosis) Worms seen in vitreous humor
Taenia solium
116
Two elongated sucking grooves for attachment Operculated eggs Intermediate hosts: fish and copepods
Diphyllobothrium latum
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Transmission: undercooked fish Infective stage: plerocercoid larvae Diagnostic stage: unembryonated egg
Diphyllobothrium latum
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What organism causes the ff and what is the treatment? Abdominal pain and diarrhea Megaloblastic anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum Praziquantel
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Treatment of Taenia spp.
Praziquantel
120
Has one scolex and three proglottids One of the smallest tapeworms Intermediate host: sheep or man Definitive host: dog
Echinococcus granulosus
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Transmission: ingestion of eggs Infective stage: embryonated egg Diagnostic stage: hydatid cyst
Echinococcus granulosus
122
If the cyst of this organism ruptures, it may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis. Hydatid cysts in the liver, pulmonary cysts, cerebral cysts. What is the organism and what is the treatment?
Echinococcus granulosus Surgical resection Albendazole PAIR procedure (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration)
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Definitive host: foxes Intermediate host: rodents Multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles)
Echinococcus multilocularis
124
Dwarf tapeworm Mostbcommon tapeworm in developed countries Eggs are directly infectious Polar filaments and six-hooked larva
Hymenolepsis nana
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Rat tapeworm Accidental parasite Transmitted by ingestion of insects harboring eggs
Hymenolepsis diminuta
126
Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats Barrel-shaped proglottids
Dipylidium caninum
