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Parasitology Flashcards

0
Q

Organism responsible for watery, foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning Strawberry cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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1
Q

Most common cause of chronic diarrhea in patients with HIV

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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2
Q

Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease and what is this disease?

A

Balantidium coli Balantidial dysentery

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3
Q

Most common tapeworm in developed countries Has polar filaments and six-hooked larva

A

Hymenolepsis nana

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4
Q

Province in Mindanao not affected by Schistosomo japonicum

A

Misamis Oriental

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5
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum

A

Snail Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi

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6
Q

Intermediate host of Paragonimus Westermani

A

Snail (Antemelania asperata) Mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina)

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7
Q

Most common and largest intestinal nematode Sometimes referred to as pencil size worm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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8
Q

What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritus of scalp or trunk; nits seen on hair shaft?

A

Lice (Pediculus humanus)

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9
Q

What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritus in pubic area; nits seen on hair shaft?

A

Lice (Phthirus pubis)

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10
Q

What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritic, painful, and erythematous nodule; larva may be seen emerging from nodule?

A

Flies (Dermatobia hominis)

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11
Q

What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritic, erythematous wheal?

A

Bedbugs (Cimex lecturalius)

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12
Q

What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause pruritic, erythematous papules, and linear tracks

A

Mites (Sarcoptes scabei)

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13
Q

What is the common and scientific name of the organism that cause ascending paralysis?

A

Ticks (Dermacentor)

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14
Q

Zoonotic roundworms Ingested in raw seafood Causes eosinophilic gastroenteritis

A

Anisakis simplex

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15
Q

Most common cause of parasitic meningitis Eosinophilic meningitis Transmitted in undercooked seafood

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

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16
Q

Dog and cat hookworm that cause creeping eruptions (cutaneous larva migrans)

A

Ancylostoma caninum Ancylostoma braziliense

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17
Q

Visceral larva migrans Ocular larva migrans Uveitis Endophthalmitis

A

Dog ascaris (Toxocara canis)

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18
Q

Transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water Findings: Live worm in skin ulcer and pruritic painful papule

A

Guinea fire worm (Dracunculus medinensis)

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19
Q

Characterized by Subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings) Worm crawling across the conjunctiva

A

Loa loa

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20
Q

Findings: Dermal nodules Hanging groin Lizard skin River blindness

A

Onchocera volvulus (Transmitted by female blackfly)

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21
Q

Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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22
Q

One species benefits without harming/ benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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23
Q

Both species benefit one another

A

Mutualism

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24
Q

One species benefits while harming the other

A

Parasitism

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25
Q

Lives inside the body of the host Presence in host connotes infection

A

Endoparasite

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26
Q

Lives outside the body of the host Presence in host connotes infestation

A

Ectoparasite

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27
Q

Needs a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation

A

Obligate parasite

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28
Q

May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative parasite

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29
Q

Establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live in/on

A

Accidental or Incidental parasite

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30
Q

Remains on host for life

A

Permanent parasite

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31
Q

Lives on host for short period of time

A

Temporary parasite

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32
Q

Free living organism that passes through digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious parasite (Technically not a parasite kasi dumaan lang pero wala namang ginawa sa host)

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33
Q

Parasite attains sexual maturity here

A

Definitive or Final host

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34
Q

Organism that harbors the asexual or larval stage

A

Intermediate host

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35
Q

Parasite that does not develop further to later stages

A

Paratenic host

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36
Q

Allows life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir host

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37
Q

Transmits parasites from one host to another

A

Vector

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38
Q

Transmits parasite only after it has completed its development

A

Biologic vector

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39
Q

Only transports the parasite

A

Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

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40
Q

Process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

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41
Q

Establishment of infective agent inside host

A

Infection

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42
Q

Between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation period (Clinical)

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43
Q

Between infection and demonstration of infection

A

Pre-patent period (Biological)

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44
Q

Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

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45
Q

Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection

A

Hyperinfection or Superinfection

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46
Q

Eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles Exhibits Brownian movement

A

Entamoeba histolytica (Brownian movement - Pseudopod-forming nonflagellated protozoa

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47
Q

Trasmission: Fecal-oral route Infective stage: Mature cyst Diagnostic stage: Trophozoites, mature cysts, immature cysts

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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48
Q

Pathogenesis Lectin mediates adherence Amebapores used for penetration Cysteine proteases for cytopathic effect

A

Entamoeba histolytica (Cytopathic effect - cellular destruction)

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49
Q

What is the most common extraintestinal form of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Amebic liver abscess

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50
Q

Could present with Dysentery without fever Flask shaped colon ulcers Cyst carrier state Amebic colitis Ameboma Anchovy sauce-like aspirate

A

Entamoeba histolytica (Ameboma - associated with dysentery) (Anchovy sauce-like aspirate - Amebic liver abscess)

51
Q

Treatment for 1) Amebic cyst carrier state 2) Amebic colitis 3) Amebic liver abscess

A

1) Diloxanide furoate 2) Metronidazole 3) Metronidazole or percutaneous draingae for nonresponders

52
Q

Transmission: Fecal-oral route Infective: Cyst Diagnostic: Trophozoites, Cysts

A

Giardia lamblia

53
Q

Falling leaf motility Covered with variant surface proteins Flagellate that lives in the duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum

A

Giardia lamblia

54
Q

Pathogenesis Leads to enterocyte apoptosis Villous flattening Crypt hypertrophy Disruption of cytoskeleton Adhesive disc and lectin facilitates attachments

A

Giardia lamblia

55
Q

Acutely presents with excessive flatus that smells of rotten eggs Chronically presents with steatorrhea, constipation and weight loss What is the organism and treatment?

A

Giardia lamblia Metronidazole (Steatorrhea - malabsorption)

56
Q

Undergoes Shizogony and Gametogony Acid-fast organism Opportunistic intestinal protozoa

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

57
Q

What organism is the most common cause of diarrhea in patients with HIV?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

58
Q

Transmission: Fecal-oral route Infective: thich-walled oocytes Diagnostic: thick-walled oocytes

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

59
Q

Usually is a self-limited non bloody diarrhea but can be life threatening if CD4 < 200 What organism causes this and what’s the treatment?

A

Organism: Cryptosporidium parvum Treatment: Nitazoxanide (Life threatening due to autoinfection)

60
Q

It is a urogenital protozoan Exists only as a trophozoite It is pear shaped and flagellated

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

61
Q

Transmission: sexual intercourse, “Ping-pong” Infective: trophozoite Diagnostic: trophozoite

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

62
Q

What is the disease and organism that cause: Watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning Punctate hemorrhages in the cervix? And what is the treatment?

A

Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (Punctate hemorrhage: strawberry cervix) Treatment: Single oral dose of 2 grams (four 500mg tabs) of Metronidazole

63
Q

Most important parasitic disease in man

A

Plasmodium

64
Q

Transmission: bite of infected female mosquito Infective: Sporozoite Diagnostic: Trophozoites (ring forms on RBC)

A

Plasmodium

65
Q

What do you call the mosquito responsible for Plasmodium spread?

A

Anopheles flavirostis minimus

66
Q

What organism releases merozoites and splenic sequestration of infected cells from the destruction of RBCs Premonition is seen in individuals who completely recover from the disease

A

Plasmodium (Premonition: partial immunity)

67
Q

Asexual cycle: 48 hours Periodicity: Malignant tertian RBC preference: All ages Parasitemia: Highest Merozoites: 0 (zero) Gametocytes: Banana shaped Cerebral malaria: Yes Recrudescence: Yes Relapse: No Drug resistance: Many

A

Plasmodium falciparum

68
Q

Asexual cycle: 48 hours Periodicity: Benign tertian RBC preference: Young RBCs Parasitemia: Low Merozoites: 12-24 Gametocytes: Large round Cerebral malaria: No Recrudescence: No Relapse: Yes Drug resistance: Few

A

Plasmodium vivax

69
Q

Asexual cycle: 72 hours Periodicity: Benign quartan RBC preference: Old RBCs Parasitemia: Lowest Merozoites: 6-12 Gametocytes: Compact Cerebral malaria: No Recrudescence: Yes Relapse: No Drug resistance: Few

A

Plasmodium malariae

70
Q

Asexual cycle: 48 hours Periodicity: Benign tertian RBC preference: Young RBCs Parasitemia: Low Merozoites: 8 Gametocytes: Small round Cerebral malaria: No Recrudescence: No Relapse: Yes Drug resistance: Few

A

Plasmodium ovale

71
Q

What do you call the recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement (2-4 weeks)?

A

Recrudescence

72
Q

What do you call the return of a disease after its apparent cessation (1-6 mos) due to reactivation of hypnozoites

73
Q

How do you diagnose Plasmodium?

A

Thin and thick smears with Giemsa stain Thick to screen for the presence Thin for species identification (Highest yield when blood samples taken during fever or 2-3 hours after peak)

74
Q

What do you call punctate granulations present in RBCs and invaded by what organism?

A

Schuffner dots P. ovale & P. vivax

75
Q

What do you call coarse granulations present in RBCs and invaded by what organism?

A

Maurer dots Plasmodium falciparum

76
Q

What do you call fine dots present in RBCs and invaded by what organism?

A

Ziemann dots Plasmodium malariae

77
Q

Presents with: Paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains Hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly Parasitic pneumonitis Dürck granulomas Blackwater fever Algid malaria

A

Plasmodium Dürck granulomas (Cerebral malaria) Blackwater fever (Acute renal failure) Algid malaria (Septic shock)

78
Q

Areas of high endemicity of plasmodium?

A

Palawan, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur

79
Q

Areas of chloroquine resistance?

A

Palawan, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley

80
Q

Treatment for plasmodium 1) Drug of Choice 2) Chloroquine-resistance 3) Eradication of hypnozoites 4) Severe cases or pregnant

A

1) Chloroquine 2) Mefloquine + Doxycycline 3) Primaquine 4) Quinidine or Quinine

81
Q

What drug will you use for prophylaxis: 1) Areas without resistant P. falciparum 2) Areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum 3) Areas with multidrug resistant P. falciparum

A

1) Chloroquine 2) Malarone or Mefloquine 3) Doxycycline

82
Q

Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections and alternative for primary prevention

A

Primaquine

83
Q

Tissue protozoan Definitive host is the domestic cat Humans and other mammals are intermediate hosts

A

Toxoplasma gondii

84
Q

Transmission: Ingestion of cysts in raw meat, contaminated food, transplacentally Infective: Fecal oocytes Diagnostic: Trophozoite (bradyzoites)

A

Toxoplasma gondii

85
Q

What are the two types of trophozoites and what they do?

A

Tachyzoites are rapidly multiplying and CMI limits its spread Bradyzoites are slowly multiplying and important in tissue diagnosis

86
Q

What is the preferred diagnostic test for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

IgM antibody

87
Q

1) Immunocompetent hosts: Heterophil-negative mononucleosis 2) Immunocompromised hosts: Encephalitis 3) Congenital: Abortion, stillbirth, neonatal disease with hydrocephalus, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and hepatosplenomegaly What causes this and what’s the treatment?

A

Toxoplasma gondii (Encephalitis: Ring enhancing lesions) (Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Intracranial calcification) Tx: Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine

88
Q

Blood and tissue protozoan Transmitted by reduviid bug Has 4 forms: Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, Trypomastigote

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

89
Q

Transmission: Reduviid bug (Triatoma) bite Infective: Metacyclic trypomastigotes Diagnostic: Trypomastigotes in blood

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

90
Q

Myocardial, glial, and reticuloendothelial cells are frequent sites Cardiac muscle is the most frequently and severely affected tissue

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

91
Q

Diagnosis done through Stained BMA or muscle biopsy Culture of the organism on special medium Xenodiagnosis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi (Xenodiagnosis: allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed onthe patient)

92
Q

What do you call the disease and organism that presents with the ff and its treatment: Romañas sign Chagoma Fever LAD Hepatosplenomegaly

A

Acute Chagas’ disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi Nifurtimox (Romaña’s sign: Periorbital edema Chagoma: Nodule near bite)

93
Q

What do you call the disease and organism that presents with the ff and its treatment: Myocarditis Megacolon Megaesophagus

A

Chronic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi Nifurtimox (Megaesophagus: achalasia)

94
Q

Blood and tissue protozoan Has 2 forms: epimastigote, trypomastigote Antigenic variation

A

Trypanosoma brucei

95
Q

Transmission: tsetse fly (Glossina) bite Infective: Metacyclic trypomastigotes Diagnostic: Trypomastigotes in blood

A

Trypanosoma brucei

96
Q

Spread from the skin through the blood to the lymph nodes and the brain Somnolence progresses to coma due to demyelinating encephalitis Cyclical fever spike

A

Trypanosoma brucei Cyclical fever spike (every 2 weeks) due to antigenic variation Rhodesian more rapid and fatal than gambian

97
Q

Indurated skin ulcer Intermittent weekly fever and LAD Winterbottom’s sign Kerandel’s sign Excessive somnolence Mott cells What is the organism and treatment?

A

Tryponosoma brucei Suramin for blood borne disease Melarprosol for CNS penetration (Winterbottom’s sign: Enlargement of the posterior and cervical LN Kerandel’s sign: hyperesthesia Mott cells: plasma cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules)

98
Q

Most common cause of red tide in the Philippines?

A

Pyrodinium bahamense variety compressum (Dinoflagellate) Algal blooms cause red tide These are flagellated marine protists

99
Q

Transmission by eating bivalve mollusks and fish. Filter feeders accumulate toxins produced by these organisms and what is the treatment?

A

Dinoflagellates Gastric lavage with activated charcoal Supportive fluid resuscitation Endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure Neostigmine and edrophonium to improve muscle weakness

100
Q

Facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure. Incubation of 15 minutes What is the toxin and syndrome involved?

A

Saxitoxin Paralytic syndrome

101
Q

Facial paresthesia, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea. Incubation of 15 minutes.

A

Brevetoxin Neurotoxic syndrome

102
Q

Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. Incubation of 30 minutes.

A

Okadaic acid toxin Diarrhetic syndrome

103
Q

Diarrhea, short-term memory loss, seizures. Incubation of 30 minutes.

A

Domoic acid toxin Amnesic syndrome

104
Q

What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Free living ameba Associated with keratoconjunctivitis associated with contact lens

A

Organism: Acanthamoeba castellani Disease: Granulomatous amebic encephalitis

105
Q

What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Free living ameba Acquired while swimming in contaminated pools

A

Organism: Naegleria fowleri Disease: Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

106
Q

What is the ONLY ciliated protozoan to cause human disease and what is this disease? Associated with pigs Round based, wide necked intestinal ulcers

A

Disease: Balantidial dysentery Organism: Balantidium coli

107
Q

What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Ixodes tick bite Intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross

A

Organism: Babesia microti Disease: Babesiosis

108
Q

What organism exhibits these and the disease it causes? Transmitted by sandfly (Phlebotomus) Infective: promastigotes Can have cutaneous, visceral/ kala-azar, or mucocutaneous manifestations

A

Organism: Leishmania spp. Disease: Leishmaniasis Treatment: Stibogluconate (antimony compounds)

109
Q

What organism exhibits these? Coccidial sporozoa Causes diarrhea in immunocompromised patients

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis & Isospora belli

110
Q

Intestinal cestodes Differentiated based on scolex and gravid proglottids Transmission: undercooked pork/meat Infective: cysticerci (both), eggs (x) Diagnostic: Gravid proglottids What is the organism?

A

Taenia spp. X: Taenia Solium

111
Q

What cestode has 4 suckers, a rostellum and 5-10 uterine branches in gravid proglottids?

A

Taenia solium

112
Q

What cestode has 4 suckers, no rostellum and 15-25 uterine branches in gravid proglottids?

A

Taenia saginata

113
Q

Minor intestinal damage from adult tapeworms Cystecerci can become SOLs in the brain What is the organism and the treatment?

A

Taenia spp. Praziquantel

114
Q

Abdominal pain Weight loss Pruritus ani Intestinal obstruction

A

Taenia saginata

115
Q

Mild intestinal symptoms Small infective eggs cross the BBB which can cause seizures (neurocysticercosis) Worms seen in vitreous humor

A

Taenia solium

116
Q

Two elongated sucking grooves for attachment Operculated eggs Intermediate hosts: fish and copepods

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

117
Q

Transmission: undercooked fish Infective stage: plerocercoid larvae Diagnostic stage: unembryonated egg

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

118
Q

What organism causes the ff and what is the treatment? Abdominal pain and diarrhea Megaloblastic anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Diphyllobothrium latum Praziquantel

119
Q

Treatment of Taenia spp.

A

Praziquantel

120
Q

Has one scolex and three proglottids One of the smallest tapeworms Intermediate host: sheep or man Definitive host: dog

A

Echinococcus granulosus

121
Q

Transmission: ingestion of eggs Infective stage: embryonated egg Diagnostic stage: hydatid cyst

A

Echinococcus granulosus

122
Q

If the cyst of this organism ruptures, it may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis. Hydatid cysts in the liver, pulmonary cysts, cerebral cysts. What is the organism and what is the treatment?

A

Echinococcus granulosus Surgical resection Albendazole PAIR procedure (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration)

123
Q

Definitive host: foxes Intermediate host: rodents Multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles)

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

124
Q

Dwarf tapeworm Mostbcommon tapeworm in developed countries Eggs are directly infectious Polar filaments and six-hooked larva

A

Hymenolepsis nana

125
Q

Rat tapeworm Accidental parasite Transmitted by ingestion of insects harboring eggs

A

Hymenolepsis diminuta

126
Q

Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats Barrel-shaped proglottids

A

Dipylidium caninum

Microbiology (9 decks)

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